Deck 7: Animal Adaptations to the Environment

Question 1

The ________ zone is a range of environmental temperatures within which homeothermic metabolic rates are minimal.

Answer 1

thermoneutral

Question 2

Smaller bodies have a larger surface area relative to their ________ than do larger objects of the same size.

Answer 2

volume

Question 3

Animals that generate internal heat metabolically are called ________.

Answer 3

endotherms

Question 4

The predictable change in morphological and physiological features as a function of body size is referred to as ________.

Question 5

________ is required in aerobic respiration,a cellular process that releases energy through the breakdown of organic compounds.

Question 6

Thermal ________ is the ability of an organism to transmit heat.

Question 7

Animals that feed exclusively on the tissues of other animals are called ________.

Question 8

Aquatic organisms that have a lower salt concentration in their bodies than the surrounding water are considered ________.

Question 9

________ is the maintenance by an animal of a relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment.

Question 10

Using the figure,the country of ________ may possibly lose migrating ungulate populations if global climate change shifted precipitation patterns.

Question 11

Many insects undergo ________,a stage of arrested development in their life cycle from which they emerge when conditions improve.

Question 12

Birds and reptiles have a ________,which is a common receptacle for the digestive,urinary,and reproductive tracts that reabsorbs water back into the body.

Question 13

When insulation fails,many animals resort to ________,which is a form of involuntary muscular activity that increases heat production.

Question 14

An organism that obtains its energy and most nutrients from consuming plants or animals is called a(n)________.

Question 15

Animals that generate body heat metabolically at some times and from the environment at other times are referred to as ________.

Question 16

Herbivores are unable to digest ________ and thus rely on the help of specialized bacteria and protozoa living in their digestive tracts.

Question 17

The smaller a homeotherm,the ________ the loss of heat to the surrounding environment.

Question 18

Some herbivorous mammals have four-chambered stomachs in which fermentation occurs in the first chamber,known as the ________.

Question 19

Herbivores typically prefer plants with the highest concentrations of ________,an element that is probably detected by taste and odor.

Question 20

Herbivores are unable to synthesize about half of the 20 ________ that are required to make proteins.

Question 21

To conserve heat in a cold environment and to cool vital parts of the body under heat stress,some animals have a ________ heat exchange system.

Question 22

The process of temporarily dropping body temperature to the temperature of the environment for part of the day is called daily ________.

Question 23

Which of the following would have the most surface area assuming the same volume?

A)a golf ball
B)a perfect sphere
C)a cube
D)a tube

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of a conformer?

A)lizard
B)rodent
C)starfish
D)bird

Question 25

In marine mammals,lipids are typically deposited as a layer of fat just below the skin,referred to as ________.

Question 26

A saltwater fish tends to be ________ to its surrounding aquatic environment.

A)endothermic
B)isoosmotic
C)hyperosmotic
D)hypoosmotic

Question 27

Long-distance transport of oxygen to the cells of animals is facilitated by the

A)brain.
B)heart.
C)stomach.
D)mouth.

Question 28

Many species of insects undergo a state of arrested development in their life cycle to avoid desiccation or cold,referred to as

A)torpor.
B)hibernation.
C)diapause.
D)metamorphosis.

Question 29

In this figure,the slope of the lines for active lizards and inactive ones suggests that

A)active lizards are regulating their temperature in some way.
B)inactive lizards are regulating their temperature in some way.
C)there is no difference in trends between the two types.
D)active lizards retain their cool across a wider variety of temperatures.

Question 30

In comparison with a blue whale,a shrew has

A)a larger surface area relative to volume.
B)the same surface area relative to volume.
C)a slightly smaller surface area relative to volume.
D)a much smaller surface area relative to volume.

Question 31

A marine fish is ________ and tends to ________ water to/from the environment.

A)hyperosmotic; gain
B)hyperosmostic; lose
C)hypoosmotic; gain
D)hypoosmotic; lose

Question 32

In some species of herbivorous mammals,hindgut fermentation occurs in the

A)rumen.
B)reticulum.
C)colon.
D)caecum.

Question 33

Some sharks and tunas possess a ________,a blood circulation system that allows them to keep internal temperatures higher than external temperatures.

Question 34

Which of the following animals does not use lungs to acquire oxygen?

A)whale
B)frog
C)bird
D)butterfly

Question 35

Which of the following is the concept associated with an animal shivering in a cold environment to stay warm?

A)homeostasis
B)conformer
C)counter current heat exchange
D)torpor

Question 36

The surface area of a cube increases how in relation to its length (l)?

A)l
B)l2
C)l3
D)6l2

Question 37

Which of the following is a major problem for animals that live in hyperosmotic environments?

A)preventing heat loss
B)access to mineral nutrients
C)preventing water loss
D)obtaining enough oxygen

Question 38

________ is a long,seasonal torpor characterized by a cessation of activity.

Question 39

The ingestion of fecal material for further extraction of nutrients is referred to as

A)nectarivory.
B)coprophagy.
C)folivory.
D)autophagy.

Question 40

Animals that feed on both plant and animal tissues are referred to as

A)herbivores.
B)carnivores.
C)omnivores.
D)detritivores.

Question 41

Some species of animals in cold environments lower the freezing point of water in their tissues by increasing solutes in their body fluids,especially

A)glucose.
B)glycerol.
C)salt.
D)sucrose.

Question 42

An advantage of homeothermy is

A)that it requires a low caloric intake.
B)that it maximizes allocation of energy to growth.
C)that it allows the organism to remain active in a wide range of external temperatures.
D)that it allows the organism to tolerate wide fluctuations in body temperature.

Question 43

Which of the following is done by toads to avoid hot,dry periods of the year?

A)hibernation
B)torpor
C)diapause
D)estivation

Question 44

Which of the following animals has the highest mass specific oxygen consumption?

A)elephant
B)sheep
C)mouse
D)man

Question 45

Immediately prior to flight in cool temperatures,some insects

A)must consume hundreds of calories.
B)increase heat production by shivering flight muscles of the thorax.
C)seek shade.
D)increase anaerobic respiration.

Question 46

In cases where global temperature increase results in increased resource availability,

A)population sizes are shrinking.
B)average body sizes are decreasing.
C)average body sizes are increasing.
D)average limb lengths are decreasing.

Question 47

Maintaining a relatively constant body temperature independent of external temperature is referred to as

A)heterothermy.
B)ectothermy.
C)poikilothermy.
D)homeothermy.

Question 48

Several amphibian species survive the winter using antifreeze chemicals by the process of

A)supercooling.
B)countercurrent heat exchange.
C)torpor.
D)rete.

Question 49

What happens to a lizard's metabolic rate when the temperature increases 10°C?

A)The metabolic rate stays constant.
B)The metabolic rate approximately doubles.
C)The metabolic rate approximately triples.
D)The metabolic rate approximately quadruples.

Question 50

An animal has a very thin layer of insulation between its body core and surface causing it to have a very high ________.

A)body temperature
B)salt content
C)level of fat
D)thermal conductivity

Question 51

The respiration rate of homeotherms is proportional to

A)air pressure.
B)body temperature.
C)body size.
D)environmental temperature.

Question 52

Water flows over gills in the opposite direction of blood flow in a process known as

A)inhalation.
B)respiration.
C)diffusion.
D)countercurrent exchange.

Question 53

The basal metabolic rate per unit of body mass is highest in a

A)large endotherm.
B)small endotherm.
C)large ectotherm.
D)small ectotherm.

Question 54

In which of the following is countercurrent heat exchange not known to occur?

A)porpoise fluke
B)beaver tail
C)bird legs
D)primate hands

Question 55

According to Bergmann's rule,as global temperature increases,

A)body size will increase.
B)body size will decrease.
C)territory size will increase.
D)territory size will decrease.

Question 56

All of the following characterize a hibernating homeotherm,except

A)low blood pH.
B)high CO₂ level in blood.
C)increased heart rate.
D)decrease in body temperature.

Question 57

Which of the following factors does not influence animal heat exchange?

A)oxygen diffusion rate
B)conductivity of fat
C)movement of blood to the body's surface
D)fat thickness

Question 58

The regulation of body temperature exclusively from the external environment is referred to as

A)endothermy.
B)ectothermy.
C)homeothermy.
D)heterothermy.

Question 59

Many species of small mammals,especially those that hibernate,increase heat production by

A)growing denser fur during winter.
B)burning highly vascular brown fat.
C)panting.
D)sweating.

Question 60

The seasonal cessation of activities accompanied by a reduction in metabolism in response to cold temperatures during winter is called

A)hibernation.
B)torpor.
C)heterothermy.
D)diapause.

Question 61

Air flow through bird lungs is a continuous circuit,flowing in one direction only.

Question 62

A living organism must maintain each internal condition (e.g.,body temperature)to a fixed set point.

Question 63

Some amphibians can take in oxygen through their skin.

Question 64

Terrestrial animals are usually subject to more radical changes in their thermal environment than aquatic animals.

Question 65

All species of fish are carnivorous.

Question 66

As the surface area of a body increases,its volume increases at the same rate.

Question 67

A detritivore feeds primarily on dead plant or animal matter.

Question 68

Daily torpor is more likely to be used by large mammals than small mammals to conserve energy when inactive.

Question 69

Some aquatic poikilotherms (e.g.,sharks)are able to maintain a higher internal body temperature than the surrounding water.

Question 70

Birds are homeothermic animals.

Question 71

An ectotherm requires more calories per gram of body mass than an endotherm of similar size.

Question 72

Flying insects have a high metabolic rate when flying and can produce as much heat as endotherms.

Question 73

Only animals with sweat glands can take advantage of evaporative cooling.

Question 74

Coprophagy is common among animals that feed on detritus.

Question 75

Homeostatic systems work within minimum and maximum values by using positive feedback to regulate activity above and below a set point.

Question 76

Ruminants are herbivorous reptiles,such as tortoises and iguanas,which regurgitate food to further break it down into smaller pieces.

Question 77

Freshwater aquatic organisms are faced with the problem of preventing excessive uptake or retention of water.

Question 78

The smallest animals are ectotherms.

Question 79

Endotherms can sustain a higher level of physical activity for longer periods of time than ectotherms.

Question 80

The regulation of body temperature by internal metabolism is called ectothermy.