Deck 5: Adaptation and Natural Selection

Question 1

The alternate forms of a gene are called ________.

Answer 1

alleles

Question 2

The outward appearance of an organism for a given characteristic is called its ________.

Answer 2

phenotype

Question 3

The sum of genetic information (alleles)across all individuals in the population is referred to as the ________.

Answer 3

gene pool

Question 4

________ are heritable changes in a gene or chromosome.

Question 5

________ is the mating of individuals in the population that are more closely related than expected by random chance.

Question 6

A(n)________ is any heritable behavioral,morphological,or physiological trait of an organism that has evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection.

Question 7

A(n)________ individual has the same alleles at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.

Question 8

When genetic variation occurs among subpopulations of the same species,it is known as genetic ________.

Question 9

________ mating occurs when individuals choose mates nonrandomly with respect to some phenotypic trait.

Question 10

________ is the differential success of individuals in a population in response to environmental conditions.

Question 11

All of the DNA in a cell is collectively called the ________.

Question 12

Reversible phenotypic changes in an individual organism in response to changing environmental conditions are referred to as ________.

Question 13

Phenotypic characteristics that have a continuous distribution are considered to be ________ traits.

Question 14

The phenotypic trait that selection acts upon directly is referred to as the ________ of selection.

Question 15

A(n)________ is a population that has adapted to its unique local environmental conditions.

Question 16

The type of natural selection in which the mean value of a trait is shifted toward one extreme is called ________ selection.

Question 17

The sum of genetic information (alleles)across all individuals in a population at any one time is called the ________.

Question 18

An organism's structure and ________ reflect adaptations to its particular environment.

Question 19

If the physical expression of a heterozygous individual is intermediate between those of the homozygotes,the alleles are ________.

Question 20

A(n)________ is a measurable,gradual change over a geographic region in the average value of a trait.

Question 21

Which of the following characteristics is an example of a qualitative trait?

A)flower color
B)arm length
C)body weight
D)root length

Question 22

Researchers Rosemary and Peter Grant have discovered that beak size frequency of Galápagos Island medium ground finch populations varies with all the following,except

A)rainfall.
B)seed hardness.
C)seed size.
D)seed color.

Question 23

If birds with larger beaks are favored by the environment,it is likely that ________ selection will occur.

A)directional
B)disruptive
C)stabilizing
D)standardizing

Question 24

An allele that completely masks the effect of another allele is considered

A)codominant.
B)dominant.
C)ineffective.
D)recessive.

Question 25

The process by which one species gives rise to multiple species that exploit different features of the environment is called ________.

Question 26

The mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species is

A)acclimatization.
B)natural selection.
C)acquired inheritance.
D)adaptation.

Question 27

If a population has an allele frequency of 1.0,you would say that

A)the allele frequency is ideal.
B)genetic variation of that allele is low.
C)genetic variation of that allele is high.
D)that allele is under selection.

Question 28

Identical twin raccoons are raised in different environments and yet behave very differently.This is an example of

A)heterozygous alleles.
B)the norm of reaction.
C)genetic differentiation.
D)acclimation.

Question 29

A gene is

A)a stretch of DNA coding for a polypeptide chain (sequence of amino acids).
B)a microscopic,threadlike body within a cell.
C)any heritable behavioral,morphological,or physiological trait of an organism.
D)all of the DNA in a cell.

Question 30

Traits that have a continuous distribution are known as

A)quantitative traits.
B)qualitative traits.
C)phenotypic traits.
D)genotypic traits.

Question 31

The color of a flower is controlled by two alternative alleles at a single locus,R (red)and r (white).If an individual has the Rr alleles,it is considered to be

A)homozygous dominant with a red color.
B)heterozygous with a red color.
C)heterozygous with a white color.
D)homozygous recessive with a white color.

Question 32

The expression of different phenotypic traits for a given genotype under different environmental conditions is referred to as

A)acclimation.
B)phenotypic plasticity.
C)developmental plasticity.
D)habituation.

Question 33

Plants grown under a medium light condition would exhibit how much biomass?

A)5g
B)20g
C)30g
D)45g

Question 34

Which of the following represents acclimation?

A)Deeper beaks evolve in a population.
B)Marine lionfish are able to tolerate freshwater in estuaries.
C)Tropical trees grow taller than temperate ones to compete for light.
D)Poisonous animals are brightly colored to ward off predators.

Question 35

The gene pool refers to all of the genetic information within a

A)cell.
B)individual.
C)population.
D)species.

Question 36

The alternate forms of a gene are called

A)chromosomes.
B)loci.
C)alleles.
D)genomes.

Question 37

The specific traits of a particular organism enabling it to survive,grow,and reproduce within a given environment are called

A)mutations.
B)genes.
C)adaptations.
D)phenotypes.

Question 38

A population of a species that is distinguishable from other populations by one or more characteristics is referred to as a(n)________.

Question 39

The tongue length of an animal is controlled by two alternative alleles at a single locus,L (long)and l (short).If an individual has parents that are both homozygous dominant,it will be

A)homozygous dominant with a long tongue.
B)heterozygous with a long tongue.
C)heterozygous with a short tongue.
D)homozygous recessive with a long tongue.

Question 40

The fitness of an individual is measured by

A)the proportion of heterozygous alleles within its genome.
B)its body size.
C)its efficiency in obtaining energy.
D)the proportionate contribution it makes to future generations.

Question 41

The Galápagos Islands are inhabited by 13 species of Darwin's finches that evolved from a single species.This is an example of

A)clinal variation.
B)adaptive radiation.
C)directional selection.
D)genetic drift.

Question 42

A gradual change in phenotype across an environmental gradient,such as white-tailed deer changing gradually in size from large in the north to small in the south,is referred to as

A)migration.
B)a subspecies.
C)a cline.
D)an ecotype.

Question 43

In a population with a q allele frequency of 0.6,what would the frequency of allele p be?

A)0)6
B)0)5
C)0)36
D)0)4

Question 44

In tiger salamanders one phenotype is cannibalistic while another is not.Both are stable strategies.Which form of selection is best represented by this scenario?

A)stabilizing
B)directional
C)disruptive
D)proportional

Question 45

Peter and Rosemary Grant are known for their work on

A)Tenebrionid beetles.
B)marine iguanas.
C)Galápagos tortoises.
D)Darwin's finches.

Question 46

A transgenic organism is one that

A)changes gene frequency over time.
B)provides gene information to another organism.
C)changes gender over time.
D)has received genetic information from another organism.

Question 47

Several years of heavy precipitation occur on the Galápagos Islands.What do you predict would happen to the beaks of Darwin's medium ground finches?

A)Populations would crash.
B)Disruptive selection on seed size would occur.
C)Midparent beak size would decrease.
D)Offspring beak depth would increase.

Question 48

Bt corn is

A)adapted to resist Bt pesticides.
B)grown only on no till farms.
C)a variety that possesses genes from a bacterium.
D)a drought tolerant form of corn.

Question 49

The simplest response an individual organism can make to a change in environmental conditions is to

A)remain still.
B)move to a more suitable location.
C)produce offspring that are better suited to the new conditions.
D)reduce foraging activity.

Question 50

Under which of the following conditions would genetic drift exert the greatest influence?

A)a population with a large range
B)a very small population
C)a very large population
D)a population that has access to sufficient resources

Question 51

Geographic isolates of a particular species that differ from other populations by one or more characteristics are considered to be

A)clines.
B)subspecies.
C)evolutionary "dead ends."
D)ecotypes.

Question 52

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle,which of the following must be true for gene frequencies in a population to remain the same?

A)Mating is random.
B)Mutations occur consistently.
C)The population is small.
D)Natural selection occurs.

Question 53

The effect of positive assortative mating is to

A)increase the number of homozygotes in the population.
B)increase the number of heterozygotes in the population.
C)reduce the number of individuals with diseases in the population.
D)increase the fertility of individuals in the population.

Question 54

What is the primary original source of genetic variation in a population?

A)mutation
B)genetic drift
C)blending inheritance
D)cloning

Question 55

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation P + H + Q = 1,what does "Q" represent?

A)total number of individuals in the population
B)frequency of heterozygotes
C)frequency of dominant homozygotes
D)frequency of recessive homozygotes

Question 56

What is the allele frequency of q in a population with genotypic frequencies of P = 0.3,H = 0.4,and Q = 0.3?

A)0)3
B)0)5
C)0)6
D)0)9

Question 57

Squirrels tend to have larger body sizes at higher latitudes.This could be an example of

A)acclimation.
B)positive assortative mating.
C)a cline.
D)the Hardy-Weinberg principle.

Question 58

Individual beak size of individual finches of the Galápagos Islands

A)may change during a bird's lifetime.
B)will always match the beak size useful for seed foraging.
C)has nothing to do with overall population characteristics.
D)will greatly influence individual survival.

Question 59

Measurements of bill length in a population of seed-eating birds reveals two distinct groups: small-billed individuals feeding on soft-shelled seeds and large-billed individuals feeding on hard-shelled seeds.This bimodal distribution most likely resulted from

A)stabilizing selection.
B)natural selection.
C)directional selection.
D)disruptive selection.

Question 60

The movement of genes between populations is referred to as

A)mutation.
B)migration.
C)genetic drift.
D)gene flow.

Question 61

Charles Darwin advocated a theory of evolution that involved individuals acquiring useful characteristics during their lifetimes.

Question 62

Gene flow is restricted between subspecies because of some extrinsic barrier,such as rivers or mountain ridges.

Question 63

Genes are arranged in threadlike bodies called chromosomes.

Question 64

An individual evolves during its lifetime.

Question 65

Inbreeding is usually beneficial to a population because it increases genetic diversity.

Question 66

The expression of most phenotypic traits is affected to varying degrees by the environment.

Question 67

Most traits are influenced by only one locus.

Question 68

Changes due to developmental plasticity are reversible.

Question 69

The position occupied by a gene on the chromosome is called the locus.

Question 70

Variation within and among species would increase dramatically if the environment were homogeneous.

Question 71

The selective agent is the environmental cause of fitness differences among organisms with different phenotypes.

Question 72

Disruptive selection favors individuals possessing traits near the mean value of a population.

Question 73

The characteristics maximize the fitness of an individual under one set of environmental conditions generally limit its fitness under a different set of conditions.

Question 74

A trait cannot be subject to natural selection unless it is heritable.

Question 75

Ecotypes are variants within a species that are adapted to local environmental conditions.

Question 76

Most mutations are beneficial.