Deck 26: Large-Scale Patterns of Biological Diversity

Question 1

As elevation increases,the number of terrestrial species ________.

Answer 1

decreases

Question 2

Which of the following is the correct order of plant evolutionary appearance (geologically oldest to present date)?

A)angiosperms,gymnosperms,psilopsids,pteriodophytes
B)gymnosperms,angiosperms,psilopsids,pteriodophytes
C)psilopsids,pteriodophytes,gymnosperms,angiosperms
D)pteriodophytes,gymnosperms,angiosperms,psilopsids

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which time period has the greatest richness of fossilized invertebrates?

A)Cambrian
B)Carboniferous
C)Cretaceous
D)Cenozoic

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which taxa contain the largest number of known species?

A)coleoptera
B)plants (embryophytes)
C)fungi
D)crustaceans

Question 5

The number of species of living organisms on the planet is probably closest to

A)100,000.
B)1,000,000.
C)10,000,000.
D)100,000,000.

Question 6

During what period did one of the greatest extinctions of mammals occur?

A)Cretaceous
B)Permian
C)Pleistocene
D)Carboniferous

Question 7

As latitude increases,the number of terrestrial species ________.

Question 8

As latitude increases,marine productivity ________.

Question 9

Total species diversity,or species richness,of individual communities is referred to as ________ diversity.

Question 10

Which group of plants emerged first?

A)angiosperms
B)gymnosperms
C)pteridophytes
D)conifers

Question 11

Patterns of species diversity for pelagic and benthic organisms appear to be influenced by the ________ of primary production rather than by the total productivity.

Question 12

As structural diversity within plant communities increases,the number of animal species ________.

Question 13

As latitude increases,the number of marine species ________.

Question 14

Over the past 600 million years,the overall trend in the number of species has been ________.

Question 15

The end of the Permian period was characterized by a mass extinction of

A)shallow-water marine invertebrates.
B)dinosaurs and other large reptiles.
C)small mammals.
D)large mammals.

Question 16

Angiosperms emerged

A)100 million years ago.
B)200 million years ago.
C)300 million years ago.
D)400 million years ago.

Question 17

Which time period has the greatest richness of fossilized invertebrates?

A)Cambrian
B)Carboniferous
C)Cretaceous
D)Cenozoic

Question 18

A mass extinction of large mammals occurred during the ________ epoch.

Question 19

Total species diversity,or species richness,across all communities within a geographic area is referred to as ________ diversity.

Question 20

When was the largest extinction in Earth's history?

A)the current time
B)Cretaceous
C)Permian
D)Cambrian

Question 21

Which of the following is strongly associated with net primary productivity?

A)sea surface temperatures
B)actual evapotranspiration
C)ocean biodiversity
D)increased altitude

Question 22

What is PET?

A)probability of evaporation
B)potential evapotranspiration
C)probable evapotranspiration
D)positive evaporative transport

Question 23

The dinosaurs and many other animals became extinct at the end of the

A)Cambrian period.
B)Permian period.
C)Cretaceous period.
D)Pleistocene epoch.

Question 24

Compare two environments at 45° N latitude: environment A's altitude is 50 meters and environment B's altitude is 3000 meters.Which environment will support the greater level of species richness for mammals and birds?

A)Environment A will have the greater level of species richness.
B)Environment B will have the greater level of species richness.
C)Environments A and B will have the same species richness.

Question 25

Which of the following taxa have greater richness at lower PET?

A)mammals
B)reptiles
C)birds
D)amphibians

Question 26

In relation to the stability hypothesis of diversity,which area provides the best evidence that glaciation reduced temperate tree diversity?

A)North America
B)Europe
C)Asia
D)Russia

Question 27

Species richness of terrestrial plants and animals increases with

A)latitude.
B)the structural diversity of plant communities.
C)elevation.
D)flatter terrain.

Question 28

In marine environments,

A)both species richness and productivity increase with latitude.
B)species richness increases and productivity decreases with latitude.
C)species richness decreases and productivity increases with latitude.
D)both species richness and productivity decrease with latitude.

Question 29

As temperatures increase during seasonal fluctuations in marine environments,

A)both species richness and species dominance increase.
B)species richness increases and species dominance decreases.
C)species richness decreases and species dominance increases.
D)both species richness and species dominance decrease.

Question 30

The end of the Pleistocene epoch was marked by a mass extinction of

A)shallow-water marine invertebrates.
B)dinosaurs and other large reptiles.
C)small mammals.
D)large mammals.

Question 31

What does the figure suggest about patterns of biodiversity for particular groups of organisms?

A)Species diversity is highest at the equator.
B)Species diversity is highest at the poles.
C)Climatic influences are most important in determining areas of higher diversity.
D)Diversity patterns are unpredictable.

Question 32

Which of the following was seen as a significant predictor of diversity in the oceans?

A)NPP
B)PET
C)SST
D)IUCN

Question 33

Variation in species richness of terrestrial species in North America correlates most strongly with estimates of

A)actual or potential evapotranspiration.
B)annual temperature.
C)solar radiation.
D)precipitation.

Question 34

Which of the following patterns occurs with respect to geographic distribution of species diversity?

A)Diversity increases with increasing latitudes.
B)Diversity increases with increasing longitudes.
C)Diversity increases with decreasing latitudes.
D)Diversity increases with decreasing longitudes.

Question 35

What is the evidence that exists to support the idea that the greater area of the tropics is the reason for higher diversity?

A)The land mass is greater at the equator than elsewhere on Earth.
B)The area of the Atlantic Ocean is greater at the equator.
C)There are more mountainous areas in the tropics,creating more surface area.
D)The area between 0° and 10° is greater than between 60° and 70° latitude.

Question 36

Which of the following is seen as a significant predictor of increased diversity in trees?

A)primary productivity
B)wind patterns
C)decreased temperatures
D)decreased precipitation

Question 37

Terrestrial vertebrate richness is most strongly tied to

A)primary productivity.
B)potential evapotranspiration.
C)sea surface temperatures.
D)altitude.

Question 38

What does this figure suggest?

A)Greater land area is strongly associated with mammalian diversity.
B)Mammalian diversity is highest at the northern latitudes.
C)Mammalian diversity is highest at the equator.
D)Land area is highest at the equator.

Question 39

Which of the following is true for Brachyura marine crabs?

A)Species richness decreases with increasing sea surface temperatures.
B)Species richness decreases with NPP.
C)Species richness decreases with latitude.
D)Species richness decreases with time.

Question 40

Which of the following shows the correct chronological order (geologically oldest to most recent)of near or total extinctions for the organisms listed?

A)dinosaurs,psilopsids,marine invertebrates,large mammals
B)psilopsids,marine invertebrates,dinosaurs,large mammals
C)large mammals,marine invertebrates,dinosaurs,psilopsids
D)marine invertebrates,dinosaurs,psilopsids,large mammals

Question 41

Species richness in both terrestrial and marine environments generally declines with latitude.

Question 42

A measure of diversity between sites is called

A)alpha diversity.
B)beta diversity.
C)gamma diversity.
D)zeta diversity.

Question 43

The species richness of terrestrial plants and animals generally increases with elevation.

Question 44

Humans are responsible for more than 75 percent of all present-day extinctions since a.d.1600.

Question 45

The figure suggests

A)primary productivity dictates diversity.
B)diversity changes seasonally.
C)a high gamma diversity.
D)birds are more diverse at northern latitudes.

Question 46

Which of the following is increased amphibian diversity correlated with?

A)sea surface temperature
B)net primary productivity
C)altitude
D)distribution of land area across the globe

Question 47

Primary productivity in the oceans is lower in tropical latitudes than in temperate latitudes,primarily due to a permanent thermocline in tropical latitudes.

Question 48

The 1.4 million species identified are equally distributed across the Earth's surface.

Question 49

Patterns of species migrations,such as birds that nest in North America during the spring and in South America during the winter,do not alter seasonal patterns of regional diversity for a wide range of taxonomic groups.

Question 50

On a geological timescale,changes in climate do not influence overall regional patterns of species diversity.

Question 51

Which state is most likely to be a hotspot for biodiversity?

A)California
B)South Dakota
C)North Carolina
D)West Virginia

Question 52

As the structural diversity of plant communities increases,the species richness of animals also increases.

Question 53

In 2004,the IUCN declared how many hotspot regions?

A)10
B)25
C)35
D)86

Question 54

All living species of organisms have now been described by scientists.

Question 55

The diverse topography of mountainous regions generally supports more species of plants and animals than the consistent terrain of flatlands.

Question 56

Over the past 100 million years,species richness has declined for gymnosperms and has increased for angiosperms.

Question 57

Seasonal variation in surface temperatures of the ocean functions to increase primary productivity.

Question 58

In terrestrial habitats,species richness is negatively correlated with primary productivity.

Question 59

Hotspot regions make up only 2 percent of the total land mass but contain what percentage of the world's endemic plant species?

A)2 percent
B)50 percent
C)75 percent
D)90 percent