Deck 14: Digestion: Turning a Meal Into Cellular Biochemicals

Question 1

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) ATP-dependent proton pump
b) G-protein
c) hydrolyzed
d) pepsin
e) digestion
f) zymogen
g) lipases
h) hydrolysates
i) carbohydrates
j) lipids
k) micelle
l) ERK pathway
____________ activation is a mechanism of permanently activating a protease by covalent modification.

Answer 1

f

Question 2

The limit dextrin is material not digested by amylase due to the ______________.

Answer 2

ɑ-1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) ATP-dependent proton pump
b) G-protein
c) hydrolyzed
d) pepsin
e) digestion
f) zymogen
g) lipases
h) hydrolysates
i) carbohydrates
j) lipids
k) micelle
l) ERK pathway
ɑ amylase begins the digestion of ____________ in the gut.

Answer 3

i

Question 4

Micelles are important for lipid absorption across the plasma membrane, but lipids are assembled into ______________ for transport through the lymph system.

Question 5

The ______________ molecule brings breakdown products of proteins, sugars, and fats to the citric acid cycle in the third state of catabolism.

Question 6

Inactive chymotrypsinogen will be hydrolyzed to become an active enzyme called ______________.

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) ATP-dependent proton pump
b) G-protein
c) hydrolyzed
d) pepsin
e) digestion
f) zymogen
g) lipases
h) hydrolysates
i) carbohydrates
j) lipids
k) micelle
l) ERK pathway
____________is a protease released by the stomach for the digestion of protein.

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) ATP-dependent proton pump
b) G-protein
c) hydrolyzed
d) pepsin
e) digestion
f) zymogen
g) lipases
h) hydrolysates
i) carbohydrates
j) lipids
k) micelle
l) ERK pathway
____________ is the first stage in the oxidation of foods.

Question 9

The ______________ pH of the stomach is important for the denaturation of proteins.

Question 10

The pancreas releases ______________ to neutralize the acid produced in the stomach.

Question 11

The three stages of catabolism result in a ______________ chemical transformation of the food.

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) ATP-dependent proton pump
b) G-protein
c) hydrolyzed
d) pepsin
e) digestion
f) zymogen
g) lipases
h) hydrolysates
i) carbohydrates
j) lipids
k) micelle
l) ERK pathway
In digestion, proteins are ____________ into their individual 20 amino acids.

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) ATP-dependent proton pump
b) G-protein
c) hydrolyzed
d) pepsin
e) digestion
f) zymogen
g) lipases
h) hydrolysates
i) carbohydrates
j) lipids
k) micelle
l) ERK pathway
Snake venom contains ____________, which cause hydrolysis of red blood cells.

Question 14

Amylase digests carbohydrates by cleaving the ______________ bonds of starch.

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) ATP-dependent proton pump
b) G-protein
c) hydrolyzed
d) pepsin
e) digestion
f) zymogen
g) lipases
h) hydrolysates
i) carbohydrates
j) lipids
k) micelle
l) ERK pathway
The ____________ enzymes are responsible for the hydrolysis of acyl chains from the glycerol backbone.

Question 16

The emulsification of lipids requires that the ______________ amphipathic molecule be released from the gall bladder.

Question 17

A(n) ______________ is an inactive enzyme that must be partially digested to attain full enzymatic activity.

Question 18

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) ATP-dependent proton pump
b) G-protein
c) hydrolyzed
d) pepsin
e) digestion
f) zymogen
g) lipases
h) hydrolysates
i) carbohydrates
j) lipids
k) micelle
l) ERK pathway
____________ are lipid vesicles that act to transport fats across the intestinal epithelium.

Question 19

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) ATP-dependent proton pump
b) G-protein
c) hydrolyzed
d) pepsin
e) digestion
f) zymogen
g) lipases
h) hydrolysates
i) carbohydrates
j) lipids
k) micelle
l) ERK pathway
Cholecystokinin is a hormone which activates ____________ signaling pathways.

Question 20

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) ATP-dependent proton pump
b) G-protein
c) hydrolyzed
d) pepsin
e) digestion
f) zymogen
g) lipases
h) hydrolysates
i) carbohydrates
j) lipids
k) micelle
l) ERK pathway
____________ is the mechanism by which the stomach maintains a pH of around 1-2 pH units.

Question 21

Both CCK and ______________ induce feelings of satiety and inhibit eating.

Question 22

Which of the following is released by the upper intestine and increases zymogen secretion?

A) secritin
B) pepsin
C) cholecystekinin
D) bile salts
E) enteropeptidase

Question 23

The result of lipase activity in digestion is:

A) phospholipid head group hydrolysis.
B) monoacylgycerol and two free fatty acids.
C) bile-salt formation.
D) hydrolysis of membrane proteins.
E) emulsion formation.

Question 24

The third state of digestion involves:

A) sugars.
B) fatty acids.
C) acetyl CoA.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 25

The second step for an organism to utilize food is to:

A) activate ATP for digestion.
B) hydrolyze the complicated macromolecules for transport.
C) degrade numerous small units to a few simple units.
D) phagocytose the food into the cell.
E) None of the above.

Question 26

Glucose transport takes place by:

A) active transport using the sodium gradient.
B) active transport using ATP as the energy source.
C) passive transport using the glucose gradient.
D) secondary active transport using the potassium gradient.
E) secondary active transport using the sodium glucose cotransporter.

Question 27

The transport of lipids in the lymph is carried out by:

A) lipases.
B) micelles.
C) cholesterol bile-salt binding.
D) chylomicrons.
E) None of the above.

Question 28

The pancreas releases ___________ to buffer the pH of the stomach juices.

A) a strong base to counter the strong acid
B) HCl
C) NaHCO3
D) pepsin
E) ATPase-activating protein

Question 29

Protein digestion leads to the release of ______________ by intestinal mucosal cells into the blood for use by other tissues.

Question 30

Digestion is:

A) the process of breaking down large molecules in food.
B) the salvage of metabolic intermediates.
C) creating energy from foodstuff .
D) the set of reactions that degrades small molecules into a few simple units.
E) a pathway activated by steroid hormones

Question 31

Pepsin requires ____________ to become active.

A) low pH
B) partial denaturation of protein
C) zymogen activation
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 32

Complex carbohydrates are absorbed:

A) as acetyl CoA.
B) as starch or glycogen.
C) as they are converted to glucose and simple sugars.
D) as short four glucose residue s.
E) after the digestion of ɑ 1,6 bonds by ɑ amylase.

Question 33

All of the following are pancreatic proteases except:

A) pepsin.
B) chymotrypsin.
C) trypsin.
D) carboxypeptidase.
E) elastase.

Question 34

Snake venom has a high concentration of ______________ that digest(s) the cell membrane.

Question 35

Snake venom's poison is actually:

A) a collection of digestive enzymes.
B) respiratory toxins.
C) paralysis toxins and red-blood-cell poisons.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 36

A digestible proton-pump inhibitor would likely have the following effect:

A) protein not being digested
B) nucleic acid hydrolysis
C) loss of ATP production
D) pepsin activation
E) decreasing levels of bile salts

Question 37

Acetyl CoA is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide during which cycle?

A) phase 3
B) the citric acid cycle
C) glycolysis
D) oxidative phosphorylation
E) None of the above.

Question 38

Which of the following enzymes activates trypsin?

A) zymogenase
B) pepsin
C) trypsinase
D) enteropeptidase
E) carboxypeptidase

Question 39

Dietary fat is primarily transported from the gut to the ______________.

Question 40

Bile salts are produced from a ______________ precursor?

Question 41

Nonfat substitutes often come with a warning of runny or watery stool. What metabolic condition is similar?

Question 42

Why is the acidification of the stomach juices important for the digestion of proteins?

Question 43

Explain the mechanism of snake bite poisons.

Question 44

What is a chylomicron?

Question 45

What is the role of cholesterol in digestion?

Question 46

A person who is prescribed a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor for an inflammatory problem now has digestive issues and is suffering from symptoms of malnourishment. What is the likely cause of the malnourishment?

Question 47

How are dietary proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids digested?

Question 48

How is the release of pancreatic enzymes coordinated with digestion in the stomach ?

Question 49

What would happen if an enzyme mutation occurred that seriously inhibited the activity of amylase?

Question 50

What is a limit dextrin?