Deck 1: Biochemistry and the Unity of Life

Question 1

The most common carbohydrate fuel is _______________.

Answer 1

glucose

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions 1-10:
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) uridine
b) cytoplasm
c) protein
d) thymine
e) carbohydrate
f) sugar-phosphate units
g) cell wall
h) transcription
i) glycogen
j) lipid
k) three
l) two
m) endoplasmic reticulum
n) translation
o) prokaryotes
p) eukaryotes
q) lysozome
____________: The number of hydrogen bonds formed between A and T.

Answer 2

l

Question 3

A group of enzymes called _______________ catalyze replication.

Answer 3

DNA polymerase

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions 1-10:
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) uridine
b) cytoplasm
c) protein
d) thymine
e) carbohydrate
f) sugar-phosphate units
g) cell wall
h) transcription
i) glycogen
j) lipid
k) three
l) two
m) endoplasmic reticulum
n) translation
o) prokaryotes
p) eukaryotes
q) lysozome
____________: Class of biological macromolecules with many functions such as forming barriers between cell organelles, serving as a metabolic fuel, and cell-to-cell signaling.

Question 5

Large particles of extracellular material are taken into the cell via:

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions 1-10:
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) uridine
b) cytoplasm
c) protein
d) thymine
e) carbohydrate
f) sugar-phosphate units
g) cell wall
h) transcription
i) glycogen
j) lipid
k) three
l) two
m) endoplasmic reticulum
n) translation
o) prokaryotes
p) eukaryotes
q) lysozome
____________: Responsible for protein processing and xenobiotic metabolism.

Question 7

After hydrogen and oxygen, the next most common element in living systems is _______________.

Question 8

Organisms are known to be highly uniform at the _______________ level.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions 1-10:
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) uridine
b) cytoplasm
c) protein
d) thymine
e) carbohydrate
f) sugar-phosphate units
g) cell wall
h) transcription
i) glycogen
j) lipid
k) three
l) two
m) endoplasmic reticulum
n) translation
o) prokaryotes
p) eukaryotes
q) lysozome
DNA is made from the building blocks adenine, guanine, cytosine, and ____________.

Question 10

Although all cells in an organism have the same DNA, tissues differ due to selective _______________.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions 1-10:
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) uridine
b) cytoplasm
c) protein
d) thymine
e) carbohydrate
f) sugar-phosphate units
g) cell wall
h) transcription
i) glycogen
j) lipid
k) three
l) two
m) endoplasmic reticulum
n) translation
o) prokaryotes
p) eukaryotes
q) lysozome
____________ are cells which are composed of multiple specialized compartments.

Question 12

Heritable information is packaged into discrete units called _______________.

Question 13

The basic unit of life is considered the _______________.

Question 14

Use the following to answer questions 1-10:
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) uridine
b) cytoplasm
c) protein
d) thymine
e) carbohydrate
f) sugar-phosphate units
g) cell wall
h) transcription
i) glycogen
j) lipid
k) three
l) two
m) endoplasmic reticulum
n) translation
o) prokaryotes
p) eukaryotes
q) lysozome
The transfer of information from DNA to RNA is called ____________.

Question 15

A nucleotide consists of one or more _______________ groups, a 5-carbon ribose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing aromatic ring group.

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions 1-10:
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) uridine
b) cytoplasm
c) protein
d) thymine
e) carbohydrate
f) sugar-phosphate units
g) cell wall
h) transcription
i) glycogen
j) lipid
k) three
l) two
m) endoplasmic reticulum
n) translation
o) prokaryotes
p) eukaryotes
q) lysozome
____________: The number of hydrogen bonds formed between G and C.

Question 17

A chemical that can dissolve in water is said to be _______________.

Question 18

Use the following to answer questions 1-10:
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) uridine
b) cytoplasm
c) protein
d) thymine
e) carbohydrate
f) sugar-phosphate units
g) cell wall
h) transcription
i) glycogen
j) lipid
k) three
l) two
m) endoplasmic reticulum
n) translation
o) prokaryotes
p) eukaryotes
q) lysozome
____________: Filled with proteases and other digestive enzymes.

Question 19

Use the following to answer questions 1-10:
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) uridine
b) cytoplasm
c) protein
d) thymine
e) carbohydrate
f) sugar-phosphate units
g) cell wall
h) transcription
i) glycogen
j) lipid
k) three
l) two
m) endoplasmic reticulum
n) translation
o) prokaryotes
p) eukaryotes
q) lysozome
____________: Unbranched polymer that, when folded into its three-dimensional shape, performs much of the work of the cell.

Question 20

Use the following to answer questions 1-10:
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) uridine
b) cytoplasm
c) protein
d) thymine
e) carbohydrate
f) sugar-phosphate units
g) cell wall
h) transcription
i) glycogen
j) lipid
k) three
l) two
m) endoplasmic reticulum
n) translation
o) prokaryotes
p) eukaryotes
q) lysozome
____________: Highly organized region of the cell where glycolytic metabolism occurs.

Question 21

Define an organelle.

Question 22

The structure of DNA described by Watson and Crick included:

A) a double helix.
B) the sugar-phosphate backbone aligned in the center of the helix.
C) the base pairs that are stacked on the inside of the double helix.
D) A and B.
E) A and C.

Question 23

Proteins are chiefly composed of which of the following?

A) carbohydrate and amino acids
B) long unbranched amino acid polymers
C) peptide bonds formed between lipid moieties
D) aggregated amino acids
E) A and B

Question 24

In higher organisms, which of the following is composed of a polymer with double-stranded phosphodiester-linked monomers?

A) RNA
B) DNA
C) protein
D) carbohydrate
E) None of the above.

Question 25

The structural components (filaments and tubules) are organelles called the:

A) chloroplast.
B) cytoplasm.
C) cytoskeleton.
D) cell wall.
E) B and D.

Question 26

Translation takes place on/in the:

A) ribosomes.
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
C) nucleus.
D) DNA polymerases.
E) DNA parent strand.

Question 27

Describe the central dogma and why it is important for cell life.

Question 28

The rigid material which provides structural support to a plant cell is/are called the:

A) plant cytoskeleton
B) plasma membrane
C) cell wall
D) chloroplast anchor proteins
E) microfilaments and microtubules

Question 29

Of the biochemical macromolecules, which class is chiefly responsible for catalysis of cellular processes?

Question 30

What are the four key classes of biomolecules?

Question 31

A secreted protein would be processed through organelles in the following order:

A) nucleus; secretory vesicle; Golgi complex
B) cytoplasm; Golgi complex; cytosol; secretory vesicle
C) endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasmic reticulum; Golgi complex
D) nucleus; cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi complex; secretory vesicle
E) None of the above.

Question 32

The central dogma describes:

A) the formation of cells from individual components.
B) the selective expression of genes.
C) the flow of information between DNA, RNA, and protein.
D) the work of polymerases on RNA and DNA.
E) All of the above.

Question 33

How a protein folds is determined by:

A) whether the environment is hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
B) the location in the cell in which the protein is located.
C) the pH of the cytoplasm.
D) the order of the amino acids found in the sequence.
E) All of the above.

Question 34

Extracellular material is taken into the cell via which process?

A) endocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) lysosome-mediated indocytosis
D) reverse secretory mechanism
E) phago-cytosolic internalization

Question 35

Poisons that kill an organism as a result of a loss of high-energy ATP molecules are most likely to target which organelle?

A) mitochondria
B) cytoskeleton
C) cytoplasm
D) endoplasmic reticulum
E) nucleus

Question 36

The main function of the plasma membrane is to:

A) provide the interior of the cell an enclosed environment which no molecules may cross.
B) provide a selectively permeable barrier with the aid of transport proteins.
C) give eukaryote and prokaryote cells structural strength.
D) allow only the free passage of water in and out of the cell.
E) None of the above.

Question 37

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Question 38

The half-life of which of the following is likely to be shortest?

A) protein
B) lipid
C) carbohydrate
D) DNA
E) RNA

Question 39

What gives proteins such a dominant role in biochemistry?

A) the variation in protein sizes
B) the ability to act as a blueprint
C) their ability to self-replicate
D) their ability to spontaneously fold into complex three-dimensional structures
E) All of the above.

Question 40

How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

Question 41

Which property of lipids drives the formation of membranes?

Question 42

DNA and RNA are composed of what basic biochemical compounds?

Question 43

What are the important functions of carbohydrates?

Question 44

What is significant about the base pairing found in the helix?