Deck 37: Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Question 1

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) enhancers
b) bromodomain
c) regulated
d) chromatin-remodeling engines
e) ligand
f) coactivators
g) agonists
h) histone acetylase
i) citrate
j) TATA box
k) histone deacetylase
l) zinc finger
In eukaryotes, transcription is initiated by the binding of the transcription factor to the ______________.

Answer 1

j

Question 2

________________ receptors differ from cell surface receptors in that they are soluble cytoplasmic proteins. .

Answer 2

Nuclear hormone

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) enhancers
b) bromodomain
c) regulated
d) chromatin-remodeling engines
e) ligand
f) coactivators
g) agonists
h) histone acetylase
i) citrate
j) TATA box
k) histone deacetylase
l) zinc finger
Proteins that act in a coordinated manner with hormone receptors to mediate gene expression are called ______________.

Answer 3

f

Question 4

When a steroid hormone receptor binds ligand, it does not change the binding of a receptor to DNA but to the ________________.

Question 5

A molecule that binds to a nuclear hormone receptor but does not trigger a response is called a(n) ________________.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) enhancers
b) bromodomain
c) regulated
d) chromatin-remodeling engines
e) ligand
f) coactivators
g) agonists
h) histone acetylase
i) citrate
j) TATA box
k) histone deacetylase
l) zinc finger
______________ is a complex that can shift the position of nucleosomes along a DNA strand.

Question 7

Eukaryotic RNA polymerases differ in their sensitivity to the mushroom toxin _____________.

Question 8

Nuclear hormone receptors bind to specific DNA sites known as ________________.

Question 9

________________ genes are continuously expressed rather than regulated.

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) enhancers
b) bromodomain
c) regulated
d) chromatin-remodeling engines
e) ligand
f) coactivators
g) agonists
h) histone acetylase
i) citrate
j) TATA box
k) histone deacetylase
l) zinc finger
A(n) ______________ is a region of a protein that regulates transcription by interacting with the acetylated lysine of histones.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) enhancers
b) bromodomain
c) regulated
d) chromatin-remodeling engines
e) ligand
f) coactivators
g) agonists
h) histone acetylase
i) citrate
j) TATA box
k) histone deacetylase
l) zinc finger
______________ is a general term for molecules that bind to receptors.

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) enhancers
b) bromodomain
c) regulated
d) chromatin-remodeling engines
e) ligand
f) coactivators
g) agonists
h) histone acetylase
i) citrate
j) TATA box
k) histone deacetylase
l) zinc finger
Binding sites in DNA for specific regulatory proteins are called ______________.

Question 13

The repeating unit formed by the DNA wrapping around the histone core is called a(n) ________________.

Question 14

The carboxyl-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II is phosphorylated on ________________ residues.

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) enhancers
b) bromodomain
c) regulated
d) chromatin-remodeling engines
e) ligand
f) coactivators
g) agonists
h) histone acetylase
i) citrate
j) TATA box
k) histone deacetylase
l) zinc finger
Molecules that bind to a receptor and trigger a signaling pathway are called ______________.

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) enhancers
b) bromodomain
c) regulated
d) chromatin-remodeling engines
e) ligand
f) coactivators
g) agonists
h) histone acetylase
i) citrate
j) TATA box
k) histone deacetylase
l) zinc finger
The enzyme that removes the acetyl group for a lysine of a histone is called ______________.

Question 17

RNA polymerase I is located in the ________________.

Question 18

The nuclear membrane is important in gene expression because it separates the process of ________________ from that of ________________.

Question 19

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) enhancers
b) bromodomain
c) regulated
d) chromatin-remodeling engines
e) ligand
f) coactivators
g) agonists
h) histone acetylase
i) citrate
j) TATA box
k) histone deacetylase
l) zinc finger
The molecule ______________ shuttles acetyl groups into the nucleus for use by histone-modifying enzymes .

Question 20

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) enhancers
b) bromodomain
c) regulated
d) chromatin-remodeling engines
e) ligand
f) coactivators
g) agonists
h) histone acetylase
i) citrate
j) TATA box
k) histone deacetylase
l) zinc finger
______________ is/are a DNA-binding domain involving eight cysteine residues.

Question 21

By what mechanism does histone acetylation prepare the DNA for transcription?

Question 22

Briefly describe the path of a steroid hormone in gene regulation.

Question 23

A key reaction in gene repression is the deacetylation of this/these amino acids in histones:

A) serine.
B) threonine.
C) arginine.
D) lysine.
E) All of the above.

Question 24

When phosphorylated, the carboxyl-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II:

A) is insensitive to α-amanitin.
B) enhances transcription.
C) recruits other factors.
D) A and C.
E) B and C.

Question 25

Molecules that bind to a receptor and trigger signaling pathways are called:

A) antagonists.
B) agonists.
C) IRE-binding proteins.
D) promoters.
E) None of the above.

Question 26

In eukaryotes, DNA-binding proteins bind to DNA by which of the following DNA-binding structures?

A) the zinc-finger domain
B) the cAMP binding
C) closed loops called lariats
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 27

Which two characteristic differentiate promoters from enhancers?

Question 28

Why are steroid hormone receptors excellent drug therapy targets?

Question 29

What do many DNA binding proteins contain that is involved in chromatin remodeling?

A) a helix-turn-helix motif
B) an acetyl-lysine binding domain
C) a zinc-finger motif
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 30

The interaction of many different protein factors to stimulate or repress transcription is called:

A) combinatorial control.
B) synergy.
C) the hypomethylation effect.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 31

A common selective estrogen receptor modulator used in breast cancer therapy is:

A) tamoxifen.
B) α-amanitin
C) acetyl-lysine binding protein (ALBP)
D) All of the above
E) None of the above.

Question 32

How does binding of thyroid hormone to its nuclear hormone receptor promote transcription?

Question 33

How does a coactivator function in gene expression?

Question 34

How do coactivators mediate expression?

A) by blocking RNA polymerase binding
B) by loosening the histone complex formation
C) by inhibiting intron splicing
D) A and B
E) B and C

Question 35

What is the role of a mediator in transcription?

Question 36

Enhancer sites are often located:

A) near the poly(A) tail site.
B) within introns.
C) at a distance from the transcription start site.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 37

Why must gene regulation be more complicated in eukaryotic cells when compared to prokaryotic cells?

Question 38

What additional complexities exist between gene expression in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes?

Question 39

Pluripotent cells:

A) are stem cells.
B) can develop into any adult cell.
C) can develop into any fetal cell.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 40

Differential gene expression is caused by:

A) control of translation.
B) control of mRNA processing.
C) control of transcription.
D) control of replication.
E) None of the above.

Question 41

What are induced pluripotent stem cells?

Question 42

Explain why different RNA polymerases transcribe specific genes and only those genes.

Question 43

What benefit does combinatorial control give to multicellular organisms?

Question 44

What are the steps in modifying gene expression by hormones such as estrogen?

Question 45

What are the three most common cis-acting elements for genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II?