Deck 21: The Proton-Motive Force

Question 1

In the glycerol phosphate shuttle, cytoplasmic glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase uses cytoplasmic NADH to reduce __________________ to glycerol 3-phosphate.

Answer 1

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 2

Acceptor control of oxidative phosphorylation means that the rate of respiration depends upon the level of __________________.

Answer 2

ADP

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
The rotation of the _______________, driven by proton gradient, powers ATP synthesis.

Answer 3

j

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
ADP transport into the mitochondria is coupled to the export of _______________.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
__________________: The number of ATP molecules produced by the transfer of electrons from NADH.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
Atractyloside inhibits the mitochondrial protein _______________.

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
_______________ first described the chemiosmotic hypothesis.

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
_______________ is the name given to the hypothesis proposed by Peter Mitchell to explain how ATP synthesis is coupled to electron transport.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
The protein that generates heat by permitting the influx of protons into the mitochondria without the synthesis of ATP is the __________________.

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
The membrane protein __________________ couples the entry of ADP into the mitochondrial matrix with the exit of ATP.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
_______________ is the mechanism for the proton-driven ATP synthesis.

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is part of the _______________ shuttle.

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
_______________ is a process by which cytoplasmic NADH can be reoxidized by O2 by using the electron-transport system.

Question 14

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
The thermodynamic driving force of ATP synthesis caused by the pumping of protons is _______________.

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Peter Mitchell
b) chemiosmotic theory
c) binding-change
d) loose
e) ATP
f) entropy
g) alpha subunit
h) tight
i) glycerol 3-phosphate
j) c ring
k) ATP-ADP translocase
l) malate-aspartate shuttle
m) Sir Hans Krebs
Which form of the ATPase subunits is responsible for phosphorylation of ADP?

Question 16

ATP is transported out of the mitochondria by the antiporter __________________.

Question 17

__________________ is a molecular assembly in the inner mitochondrial membrane that carries out the synthesis of ATP.

Question 18

__________________ is a poison because it blocks the flow of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen.

Question 19

In the presence of __________________, respiration continues but no ATP is formed.

Question 20

The antibiotic __________________ inhibits the flow of protons through ATP synthase.

Question 21

In the malate-aspartate shuttle, electrons from NADH are transferred to _____________, forming malate.

A) oxaloacetate
B) aspartate
C) acetate
D) glutamate
E) None of the above.

Question 22

Electron flow down the electron-transport chain leads to:

A) the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from inside the matrix to the intermembrane space.
B) the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the intermembrane space into the matrix.
C) the coupled synthesis of GTP.
D) a dangerous imbalance of K+ ions across the mitochondrial membrane.
E) None of the above.

Question 23

The subunit of the ATPase embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane is the:

A) anchor subunit.
B) membrane-c ring subunit.
C) F0 subunit.
D) F1 subunit.
E) Fm subunit.

Question 24

What additional free-energy-driven processes are powered by a proton gradient?

Question 25

The proton-motive force consist of a(n):

A) chemical gradient.
B) proton gradient.
C) electron gradient.
D) A and B.
E) A, B and C.

Question 26

What is the actual function of the protons in the synthesis of ATP by F0F1 ATP synthase?

Question 27

The F1 component of ATP synthase is composed of:

A) three alpha subunits.
B) three beta subunits.
C) a delta subunit.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 28

In the malate-aspartate shuttle, how is oxaloacetate (OAA) regenerated, given that there is no transporter for oxaloacetate across the inner membrane?

Question 29

What are the driving force (energetic) costs for the ATP-ADP translocase?

A) Entropy; concentration gradient of ATP
B) membrane potential from electron transport
C) active transport by Na+-K+ ATPase
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 30

A diet pill that acts to increase oxygen consumption during electron transport without ATP production is likely what kind of compound?

A) an uncoupler
B) an ATP synthase activator
C) a Site I inhibitor
D) a Site II activator
E) cyanide

Question 31

What is the reaction of ATP synthase?

A) AMP3- + 2 HPO42- + H+ ↔ ATP4- + H2O
B) ADP3- + HPO42- + H+ ↔ ATP4- + H2O
C) ADP3- + HPO42- + 2H+ ↔ ATP4- + H2O
D) AMP3- + 2 HPO42- + 2H+ ↔ ATP4- + H2O
E) None of the above

Question 32

What is the net ATP obtained from 1 cytoplasmic NADH when it is oxidized by the electron-transport chain, using the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?

A) 2.5
B) 1.5
C) 2.0
D) 1.0
E) None of the above.

Question 33

When glucose is totally oxidized to CO2 and H2O, how many ATP molecules are made by oxidative phosphorylation out of a maximum yield of how many ATP molecules?

A) 12 out of 30
B) 26 out of 30
C) 26 out of 32
D) 12 out of 38
E) None of the above.

Question 34

Provide a brief description of oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 35

How does the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle function?

Question 36

How does the rotation of the c ring lead to ATP synthesis?

A) The c ring is linked tightly to the gamma and epsilon subunits in the stalk of F1.
B) The c ring interacts with the beta subunit.
C) The gamma subunit rotates with proton gradient formation, inducing the binding-change mechanism.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 37

What is the difference in the electron flow during the reoxidation of FADH2 as compared to NADH.

Question 38

What is the chemical effect of rotenone on aerobic metabolism?

A) The flow of electrons from NADH to CoQ is blocked.
B) The flow of electrons from cytochrome a,a3 to oxygen is blocked.
C) Oligomycin blocks the proton transfer through F0 of ATP synthase and therefore blocks the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.
D) The transport of ATP out of and ADP into the mitochondria is blocked.
E) Oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled from electron transport and all the energy is lost as heat.

Question 39

What was the proof that the ATP synthase was rotating?

Question 40

What type of gradient is critical to ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation?

A) sodium ion
B) chloride ion
C) proton
D) potassium ion
E) None of the above.

Question 41

How is oxidative phosphorylation regulated?

Question 42

What is the relationship between obesity and UCP-1?

Question 43

What is the mechanism for nonshivering thermogenesis?

Question 44

What are uncouplers? Provide an example of when they might be useful.

Question 45

Explain why carbon monoxide is toxic.