Deck 28: Fatty Acid Synthesis

Question 1

Double bonds are introduced into fatty acids in the ________________ compartment of the cell.

Answer 1

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 2

The synthesis of fatty acids takes place in the ________________ of the cell.

Answer 2

cytoplasm

Question 3

A biotin-deficient diet may lead to an increase of cytosolic ________________.

Answer 3

acetyl CoA

Question 4

Use the following to answer questionS
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) malonyl CoA
b) three
c) four
d) C16-acyl ACP
e) cytosol
f) glycolysis
g) acetyl CoA
h) β-hydroxybutyrate
i) acetyl CoA carboylase
j) AMP-dependent protein kinase
k) oxaloacetate
l) malic enzyme
m) citrate
The date rape drug GHB is an isomer of ________________.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questionS
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) malonyl CoA
b) three
c) four
d) C16-acyl ACP
e) cytosol
f) glycolysis
g) acetyl CoA
h) β-hydroxybutyrate
i) acetyl CoA carboylase
j) AMP-dependent protein kinase
k) oxaloacetate
l) malic enzyme
m) citrate
The molecule ________________ is the form in which acetyl groups are carried across the mitochondrial membrane from the matrix to the cytoplasm.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questionS
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) malonyl CoA
b) three
c) four
d) C16-acyl ACP
e) cytosol
f) glycolysis
g) acetyl CoA
h) β-hydroxybutyrate
i) acetyl CoA carboylase
j) AMP-dependent protein kinase
k) oxaloacetate
l) malic enzyme
m) citrate
The availability of the metabolite ________________ determines whether acetyl CoA, made from fatty acids, can enter the citric acid cycle.

Question 7

The major product of mammalian fatty acid synthesis is ________________.

Question 8

Use the following to answer questionS
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) malonyl CoA
b) three
c) four
d) C16-acyl ACP
e) cytosol
f) glycolysis
g) acetyl CoA
h) β-hydroxybutyrate
i) acetyl CoA carboylase
j) AMP-dependent protein kinase
k) oxaloacetate
l) malic enzyme
m) citrate
Activation of acetyl CoA results in the production of ________________.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questionS
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) malonyl CoA
b) three
c) four
d) C16-acyl ACP
e) cytosol
f) glycolysis
g) acetyl CoA
h) β-hydroxybutyrate
i) acetyl CoA carboylase
j) AMP-dependent protein kinase
k) oxaloacetate
l) malic enzyme
m) citrate
________________ is the product of the committed step in fatty acid synthesis.

Question 10

Acetyl CoA is transferred from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm in the form of ________________.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questionS
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) malonyl CoA
b) three
c) four
d) C16-acyl ACP
e) cytosol
f) glycolysis
g) acetyl CoA
h) β-hydroxybutyrate
i) acetyl CoA carboylase
j) AMP-dependent protein kinase
k) oxaloacetate
l) malic enzyme
m) citrate
________________ is the key regulator of fatty acid metabolism

Question 12

Use the following to answer questionS
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) malonyl CoA
b) three
c) four
d) C16-acyl ACP
e) cytosol
f) glycolysis
g) acetyl CoA
h) β-hydroxybutyrate
i) acetyl CoA carboylase
j) AMP-dependent protein kinase
k) oxaloacetate
l) malic enzyme
m) citrate
The reaction utilizing NADP+ and malate uses the ________________ enzyme.

Question 13

Use the following to answer questionS
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) malonyl CoA
b) three
c) four
d) C16-acyl ACP
e) cytosol
f) glycolysis
g) acetyl CoA
h) β-hydroxybutyrate
i) acetyl CoA carboylase
j) AMP-dependent protein kinase
k) oxaloacetate
l) malic enzyme
m) citrate
Thioesterase determines the acyl-chain length by cleaving ________________.

Question 14

Use the following to answer questionS
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) malonyl CoA
b) three
c) four
d) C16-acyl ACP
e) cytosol
f) glycolysis
g) acetyl CoA
h) β-hydroxybutyrate
i) acetyl CoA carboylase
j) AMP-dependent protein kinase
k) oxaloacetate
l) malic enzyme
m) citrate
The committed step in fatty acid synthesis is inactivated by the regulatory enzyme ________________.

Question 15

Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are synthesized from ________________, a 20-carbon fatty acid.

Question 16

Citrate serves as a signal for a high-energy state as it stimulates ________________.

Question 17

Use the following to answer questionS
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) malonyl CoA
b) three
c) four
d) C16-acyl ACP
e) cytosol
f) glycolysis
g) acetyl CoA
h) β-hydroxybutyrate
i) acetyl CoA carboylase
j) AMP-dependent protein kinase
k) oxaloacetate
l) malic enzyme
m) citrate
Fatty acid synthesis primarily takes place in the cellular location ________________.

Question 18

The committed step of fatty acid synthesis is the formation of ________________.

Question 19

Use the following to answer questionS
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) malonyl CoA
b) three
c) four
d) C16-acyl ACP
e) cytosol
f) glycolysis
g) acetyl CoA
h) β-hydroxybutyrate
i) acetyl CoA carboylase
j) AMP-dependent protein kinase
k) oxaloacetate
l) malic enzyme
m) citrate
Fatty acid synthesis takes place in ________________ stages.

Question 20

The coenzyme required for fatty acid synthesis is ________________.

Question 21

NADPH-reducing equivalents important for the biosynthesis of fatty acids come from several sources. Explain.

Question 22

The carrier of an acyl chain through the synthetic protein complex is:

A) ACP.
B) a serum albumin.
C) acetyl coenzyme A.
D) a biotin-activated complex.
E) None of the above.

Question 23

Whichof the following is an essential fatty acid?

A) palmitate
B) palmitoleate
C) linoleate
D) oleate
E) All of the above.

Question 24

Acetyl carboxylaseis globally regulated by:

A) allosteric inhibitors and activators
B) phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
C) zymogen activation
D) h the binding of cAMP.
E) None of the above.

Question 25

Which compound inhibits the entry of fatty acyl CoA into the mitochondria as a function of the cell being in the high-energy state?

A) malonyl CoA
B) carnitine acyltransferase
C) inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 26

Enzymes from which of the following pathways are utilized for fatty acid synthesis?

A) glycolysis
B) the citric acid cycle
C) the pentose phosphate pathway
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 27

Describe the chemistry for fatty acid synthesis at the stage when a 2-carbon molecule reacts with a 3-carbon molecule to give a 4-carbon molecule and a 1-carbon molecule..

Question 28

Increasing the activity of adenylate kinase results in the activation of which enzyme?

A) acetyl CoA carboxylase
B) cAMP-dependent kinase
C) PKC
D) AMP-dependent protein kinase
E) citrate synthase

Question 29

Acetylation of serine on prostaglandin synthase (COX enzymes) leads to the reduction of which lipid mediator?

A) prostacyclin
B) thromboxane
C) prostaglandins
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 30

How are fatty acids larger than the 16 carbons formed?

A) by elongation reactions catalyzed by enzymes on the endoplasmic reticulum
B) by 1-carbon additions at the mitochondrial membrane
C) by elongation reactions catalyzed by enzymes in the peroxisomes
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 31

How is the structure of fatty acid degradation enzymes different from that of synthesis enzymes?

Question 32

What is citrate's role in fatty acid synthesis?

Question 33

What are the similarities between fatty acid synthesis and degradation?

Question 34

Describe the regulation of fatty acid synthesis by AMP and citrate.

Question 35

Chronic ethanol ingestion alters carbohydrate metabolism and leads to a fatty liver due to an increase in which of the following?

A) NADH
B) NADPH
C) ATP
D) AMP
E) None of the above.

Question 36

The reaction that catalyzes the addition of an activated two-carbon compound with an activated three-carbon compound is:

A) malonyl transacylase.
B) β-ketoacyl synthase.
C) β-ketoacyl ACP reductase.
D) acetyl transacylase.
E) enoyl ACP reductase.

Question 37

Insulin leads to:

A) an activation of fatty acid synthesis.
B) an inhibition of fatty acid synthesis.
C) a phosphorylation of proteins
D) a decrease of protein phosphatase hydrolysis of fatty acid synthesis enzymes
E) A decrease in pyruvate transport into mitochondria

Question 38

What enzyme catalyzes the committed step in fatty acid synthesis?

A) Enoyl reductase
B) Acetyl CoA carboxylase
C) Transacylase reductase
D) 3-Hydroxyacyl dehydratase
E) None of the above.

Question 39

What are the four physiological roles for fatty acids?

Question 40

The function of the enzyme acyl CoA synthetase is:

A) lipolysis to release free glyceraldehyde.
B) ATP-dependent reduction of acetyl-CoA prior to activation.
C) ATP-dependent activation of fatty acids using CoA.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 41

Where are the enzymes for fatty acid elongation and desaturation in eukaryotes?

Question 42

Why are linoleate (18:2) and linolenate (18:3) considered essential fatty acids in mammals?

Question 43

Describe the allosteric stimulatory effect of citrate on acetyl CoA carboxylase.

Question 44

Explain this statement: "Fats burn in the flame of carbohydrates."