Deck 10: Carbohydrates

Question 1

Repeating units in ____________ have a least one negatively charged carbolylate or sulfate group.

Answer 1

glycosaminoglycans

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Fehling's
b) enantiomers
c) UDP
d) glycogen
e) monosaccharides
f) cellulose
g) lectins
h) heparin
i) axial
j) glycoproteins
k) epimers
l) glycosyltransferases
____________ are proteins that bind to specific carbohydrate structures.

Answer 2

g

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Fehling's
b) enantiomers
c) UDP
d) glycogen
e) monosaccharides
f) cellulose
g) lectins
h) heparin
i) axial
j) glycoproteins
k) epimers
l) glycosyltransferases
An ____________ is an example of a glycosaminoglycan.

Answer 3

h

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Fehling's
b) enantiomers
c) UDP
d) glycogen
e) monosaccharides
f) cellulose
g) lectins
h) heparin
i) axial
j) glycoproteins
k) epimers
l) glycosyltransferases
____________: The storage form of glucose in animals.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Fehling's
b) enantiomers
c) UDP
d) glycogen
e) monosaccharides
f) cellulose
g) lectins
h) heparin
i) axial
j) glycoproteins
k) epimers
l) glycosyltransferases
This ____________ class of compounds has the molecular formula of (CH2O)n.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Fehling's
b) enantiomers
c) UDP
d) glycogen
e) monosaccharides
f) cellulose
g) lectins
h) heparin
i) axial
j) glycoproteins
k) epimers
l) glycosyltransferases
The ____________ are the enzymes that synthesize oligosaccharides.

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Fehling's
b) enantiomers
c) UDP
d) glycogen
e) monosaccharides
f) cellulose
g) lectins
h) heparin
i) axial
j) glycoproteins
k) epimers
l) glycosyltransferases
____________ are stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.

Question 8

A _______________ is formed when two monosaccharides are linked together via a glycosidic bond.

Question 9

When the carbohydrate portion is attached to a serine or threonine residue in a glycoprotein, it is referred to as a(n) _______________ glycoprotein.

Question 10

Maltose is composed of two molecules of glucose linked together by a(n) ____________ glycosidic bond.

Question 11

Plant starch is composed of amylose, a linear polymer of glucose, and a branched polymer of glucose referred to as _______________.

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Fehling's
b) enantiomers
c) UDP
d) glycogen
e) monosaccharides
f) cellulose
g) lectins
h) heparin
i) axial
j) glycoproteins
k) epimers
l) glycosyltransferases
The most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere is ____________.

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Fehling's
b) enantiomers
c) UDP
d) glycogen
e) monosaccharides
f) cellulose
g) lectins
h) heparin
i) axial
j) glycoproteins
k) epimers
l) glycosyltransferases
____________: Monosaccharides that differ at a single asymmetric carbon.

Question 14

A _______________ is a five-membered ring formed from a monosaccharide.

Question 15

The influenza virus recognizes _______________ residues of glycoproteins present on cell surfaces.

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Fehling's
b) enantiomers
c) UDP
d) glycogen
e) monosaccharides
f) cellulose
g) lectins
h) heparin
i) axial
j) glycoproteins
k) epimers
l) glycosyltransferases
____________ is a test solution used to identify reducing and nonreducing sugars.

Question 17

Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) Fehling's
b) enantiomers
c) UDP
d) glycogen
e) monosaccharides
f) cellulose
g) lectins
h) heparin
i) axial
j) glycoproteins
k) epimers
l) glycosyltransferases
____________: The molecule to which most sugars are attached prior to transfer.

Question 18

_______________ is a galactose joined to a glucose by a β-1,4 glycosidic bond.

Question 19

A _______________ is a stereoisomer that is not a mirror image.

Question 20

In N-linked glycoproteins, the carbohydrate portion is attached to a(n) _____________ residue in the protein.

Question 21

Which of the following is the anomer of β-D-glucopyranose?

Question 22

Carbohydrates are:

A) polyhydroxy aldehydes.
B) polyhydroxy ketones.
C) polyhydroxy acids.
D) polyhydroxy alcohols.
E) A and B.

Question 23

Glycoforms refers to:

A) a single protein type that can have forms that vary in glycosylation.
B) glycoproteins from the same gene family.
C) a common core of sugars that can be found on many different proteins.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 24

All of the following are repeating units of glycosaminoglycans EXCEPT:

A) chondroitin 6-sulfate.
B) keratin sulfate.
C) haluronate.
D) heparin.
E) All of these form glycosaminoglycans.

Question 25

Inhibitors against this viral enzyme have potential as anti-influenza agents.

A) calnexin
B) neuramidase
C) selectin
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 26

An aldehyde and alcohol can react to form a:

A) hemiaketal.
B) hemiketal.
C) hemiacetal.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 27

The enzyme that digests amylopectin is:

A) ɑ-amylase.
B) amylose.
C) cellulose.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 28

What is the difference between an enantiomer and a diastereoisomer?

Question 29

Fructose can cyclize to (a):

A) pyranose ring.
B) furanose ring.
C) both pyranose and furanose ring forms.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 30

Glycoproteins are normally:

A) found on membranes.
B) secreted as extracellular proteins.
C) found inside organelles.
D) A and B.
E) All of the above.

Question 31

Draw the Haworth projections of the two pyranose forms of D-glucose.

Question 32

How is the D or L configuration determined?

Question 33

How do some viruses gain entry into specific cells?

A) by attaching to ion channels
B) by cleaving the glycosidic bonds and altering protein shapes
C) by binding to glycoproteins on the cell surface that are unique to specific cells
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 34

To which amino acid residues in glycoproteins are the sugars commonly linked?

A) tyrosine and asparagine
B) serine, threonine, and asparagine
C) serine, tyrosine, and asparagine
D) serine and threonine
E) A and D

Question 35

Selectins are proteins that:

A) selectively bind proteins destined for lysozomes.
B) aid in the selection of proteins bound for the Golgi complex.
C) bind immune-system cells as part of the inflammatory response.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 36

List some of the reasons carbohydrates are considered important molecules.

Question 37

The nutritional storage form(s) of glucose in plants is/are:

A) glycogen.
B) amylose.
C) amylopectin.
D) B and C.
E) All of the above.

Question 38

What are lectins?

A) proteins that bind the carbohydrates on glycoproteins and other macromolecules
B) proteins that promote cell-cell interaction
C) proteins found in animals, plants, and microorganisms
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 39

The simplest carbohydrates are:

A) D- and L-glyceraldehyde.
B) dihydroxyacetone and D- and L-glyceraldehyde.
C) dihydroxyacetone and glycerate.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 40

Compare the structures of amylopectin and amylose.

Question 41

Describe some of the functions of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans.

Question 42

What are the chemical and structural differences between cellulose and glycogen?

Question 43

What is the advantage of having different blood types within a species?

Question 44

What are selectins and how do they facilitate development?

Question 45

What are the two primary functions of the Golgi complex?

Question 46

How does a genetic mutation account for some of the different human blood types?

Question 47

Which tissues synthesize mucins and for what purpose?

Question 48

What are some of the defining characteristics of mucins?