Deck 33: Animal Nutrition

Question 1

The large surface area in the small intestine directly facilitates

A) secretion.
B) absorption.
C) elimination.
D) filtration
E) temperature regulation.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells

A) initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.
B) initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
C) initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
D) include pepsinogen.
E) delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the

A) small intestine.
B) stomach.
C) pancreas.
D) liver.
E) mouth.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Salivary amylase digests

A) protein.
B) starches.
C) monosaccharides.
D) glucose.
E) maltose.

Question 5

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system

A) excludes the need for extracellular digestion.
B) allows for specialized regions with specialized functions.
C) allows digestive enzymes to be more specific.
D) allows for extensive branching.
E) facilitates intracellular digestion.

Question 6

A general rule relating the capacity of a specific animal's digestive system to provide adequate access to substrates for biosynthesis of cellular components, as well as fuel molecules needed for ATP production, is that the animal should have access to

A) a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet.
B) a diet low in lipids and high in protein.
C) a low-calorie diet with a large intake of fluids, especially water.
D) a diet that matches chemical energy, essential nutrient, and organic molecule building blocks per species.
E) a diet that maximizes vitamins and minerals.

Question 7

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that

A) is manufactured by the pancreas.
B) helps stabilize fat-water emulsions.
C) splits maltose into monosaccharides.
D) begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
E) is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH.

Question 8

Earthworms, grasshoppers, and birds all have a

A) gastric cecae.
B) larynx.
C) crop.
D) pharynx.
E) epiglottis.

Question 9

Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?

A) blood clotting and vitamin C
B) normal vision and vitamin A
C) synthesis of cell membranes and vitamin D
D) protection of skin from cancer and vitamin E
E) production of white blood cells and vitamin K

Question 10

Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit from storing chemical energy as

A) proteins.
B) minerals.
C) carbohydrates.
D) amino acids.
E) fats.

Question 11

The richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is

A) fat in adipose tissue.
B) glucose in the blood.
C) protein in muscle cells.
D) glycogen in muscle cells.
E) calcium phosphate in bone.

Question 12

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because

A) only those animals use those nutrients.
B) the nutrients are subunits of important polymers.
C) they are required for animal diets, but these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients.
D) the nutrients are necessary coenzymes.
E) only certain foods contain them.

Question 13

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as

A) ingestion.
B) digestion.
C) hydrolysis.
D) absorption.
E) elimination.

Question 14

Once humans ingest food, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is

A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) lipids.
D) nucleic acids.

Question 15

In the digestive system, peristalsis is

A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine.
B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation.
C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vein.
D) a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration.
E) smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.

Question 16

Bile salts

A) are enzymes.
B) are manufactured by the pancreas.
C) emulsify fats in the duodenum.
D) increase the efficiency of pepsin action.
E) are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.

Question 17

To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that

A) can be made by the animal's body from other substances.
B) is not used by the animal in biosynthesis.
C) must be ingested in the diet.
D) is not readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
E) is not found in many proteins.

Question 18

The fat-soluble vitamins include

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin B12.
C) vitamin C.
D) iodine.
E) calcium.

Question 19

Nucleic acid digestion yields nucleotides, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes

A) are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
B) add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).
C) require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH.
D) require ATP as an energy source.

Question 20

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, this requires the animals to have mechanisms for

A) excretion.
B) dehydration synthesis.
C) enzymatic hydrolysis.
D) regurgitation.

Question 21

The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at

A) cutting.
B) ripping.
C) grinding.
D) crushing.

Question 22

The cells that secrete the acidic components of stomach juices are

A) the chief cells of the stomach.
B) the parietal cells of the stomach.
C) not needed for the transformation of pepsinogen to pepsin.
D) in the lumen of the stomach.
E) adding secretions along the esophagus.

Question 23

Hypoglycemia occurs when there are low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human. What is a way to "correct" hypoglycemia?

A) Increase the secretion of insulin.
B) Increase the secretion of glucagon.
C) Increase the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
D) Decrease the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
E) Decrease the secretion of thyroid hormones.

Question 24

A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?

A) fat, then glycogen, then protein
B) glycogen, then protein, then fat
C) liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat
D) muscle glycogen, then fat, then liver glycogen
E) fat, then protein, then glycogen

Question 25

An enlarged cecum is typical of

A) rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears.
B) carnivorous animals.
C) tubeworms that digest via symbionts.
D) humans and other primates.
E) tapeworms and other intestinal parasites.

Question 26

A hiatal hernia that disrupts the functional relationship between the smooth muscle in the esophagus and that in the stomach would be most likely to increase the frequency of

A) gastric reflux.
B) premature entry of food into the duodenum.
C) excess secretion of pepsinogen.
D) increased stomach pH.
E) retention of food in the stomach.

Question 27

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because

A) they are autotrophic.
B) cattle, like rabbits, re-ingest their feces.
C) they manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in the liver.
D) cattle saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose.
E) they have cellulose-digesting, mutualistic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

Question 28

Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that

A) contains plenty of fiber.
B) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.
C) speeds up movement of material in the large intestine.
D) decreases water reabsorption in the small intestine.
E) stimulates peristalsis.

Question 29

When the digestion and absorption of organic carbohydrates result in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is

A) eliminated in the feces.
B) stored as starch in the liver.
C) stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
D) oxidized and converted to ATP.
E) hydrolyzed and converted to ADP.

Question 30

Coprophagy, the nutrition-boosting ingestion of fecal material, is important for the nutritional balance of

A) ruminants such as cows.
B) insects and arthropods.
C) rabbits and rodents.
D) squirrels and some rodents.
E) very large animals, such as elephants.

Question 31

Complex nutrients are digested and then absorbed into the bloodstream as

A) disaccharides.
B) polymers.
C) monomers.
D) enzymes.
E) peptides.

Question 32

An enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment is

A) amylase.
B) pepsin.
C) gastrin.
D) trypsin.
E) sucrose.

Question 33

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having

A) a thriving colony of H. pylori.
B) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.
C) a high level of secretion by chief cells.
D) a high level of secretion from parietal cells.
E) secretions that enter the stomach from the pancreas.

Question 34

Historically inaccurate diagnosis of acid reflux disorders and gastric ulcers has been improved by

A) pH monitoring.
B) X-ray technology.
C) the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection.
D) colonoscopy.
E) sonography.

Question 35

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are

A) used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest.
B) used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and nonhibernating states.
C) both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species.
D) both standard measurements of fat metabolism in mammals.
E) both measured in animals experiencing a resting and fasting state.

Question 36

Glandular secretions that are released initially as inactive precursors of digestive enzymes are the

A) protein-digesting enzymes.
B) fat-solubilizing bile salts.
C) acid-neutralizing bicarbonate.
D) carbohydrate-digesting enzymes.
E) hormones such as gastrin.

Question 37

Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to

A) the position of muscle attachment sites.
B) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.
C) the size of the mouth opening.
D) the evidence of food molecules still present.
E) whether the mouth is the most anterior structure.

Question 38

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the

A) processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does.
B) fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine.
C) carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not.
D) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.
E) fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption.

Question 39

A group of animals in which a relatively long cecum is likely to be found is the

A) carnivores.
B) herbivores.
C) autotrophs.
D) heterotrophs.
E) omnivores.

Question 40

Obesity in humans is most clearly linked to

A) type 1 diabetes and prostate cancer.
B) type 1 diabetes and breast cancer.
C) type 2 diabetes and muscle hypertrophy.
D) type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
E) type 2 diabetes and decreased appetite.

Question 41

Identical twins have identical genes. If one twin has type 1 diabetes, the other twin will also have type 1 diabetes approximately 50% of the time. What can you conclude from this information?

A) Genes are not the sole reason that individuals acquire type 1 diabetes.
B) Genes are the sole reason that individuals acquire both types of diabetes.
C) The hereditary factor in type 1 diabetes has not been well studied.
D) Twins with type 2 diabetes have lower insulin levels than 50% of twins with type 1 diabetes.
E) Twins with type 2 diabetes have a 50% lower probability of showing sugar in their urine than those with type 1 diabetes.

Question 42

A main difference between organisms with simple body plans and those with complex body plans is that

A) animals with simple body plans have digestive tubes with two openings, whereas organisms with complex body plans have a digestive compartment with one opening.
B) animals with simple body plans have a digestive compartment with one opening, whereas organisms with complex body plans have digestive tubes with two openings.
C) animals with simple body plans have digestive tubes with specialized compartments, whereas animals with complex body plans do not.
D) animals with simple body plans can ingest food while earlier meals are still being digested, whereas animals with complex body plans cannot.
E) animals with simple body plans eliminate undigested food via an anus, whereas animals with complex body plans eliminate undigested food via a mouth.

Question 43

A person diagnosed with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) does not have the digestive enzymes that are needed to adequately digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. What would be a likely consequence of this medical condition?

A) weight gain
B) weight loss
C) dilated hepatic portal vein
D) increased rate of peristalsis
E) increased bile production

Question 44

If someone is feeling stressed or anxious, hormones present in blood communicate with cells to begin breaking down stored energy if the body needs it. In this situation, how does stress affect metabolic rate?

A) It does not affect metabolic rate.
B) It causes metabolic rate to decrease.
C) It causes metabolic rate to increase.
D) It causes metabolic rate to decrease sharply and then slowly increase.
E) It causes metabolic rate to decrease slowly and then remain stable.

Question 45

Use the following table showing the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (% DV) to answer the following question(s). Figure 33.1
In 2011 it was reported that scientists used GPS (Global Positioning Systems) to create a "map" of bats' molar teeth that was similar to a GPS-produced topographic map of a mountain. Why would scientists want to pursue this project?

A) Differences in the features of the molars might provide information about intracellular digestion processes in bats.
B) Differences in the features of the molars might provide information about how the relative size of the bats affected their abilities to acquire food.
C) Differences in the features of the molars might suggest evolutionary adaptations to diet.
D) Differences in the features of the molars might provide information about climate change in the bats' area of origin.
E) Differences in the features of the molars might provide information about mating behaviors.

Question 46

In the process of intracellular digestion, what do you predict will happen if food vacuoles are unable to fuse with lysosomes?

A) Cells will not be able to engulf solid food by pinocytosis.
B) Cells will not be able to engulf liquid food by phagocytosis.
C) The cells will not be able to utilize their hydrolytic enzymes.
D) The food to be digested will not be able to come in contact with hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 47

People who live in agrarian societies eat more starch and have extra copies of the amylase gene compared with people who live in societies that depend on hunting or fishing. This is an example of

A) a dietary deficiency.
B) acquisition of essential amino acids.
C) feedback circuits that regulate appetite and digestion.
D) evolutionary adaptations to differences in diet.
E) absorption in the small intestine.

Question 48

Use the following table showing the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (% DV) to answer the following question(s). Figure 33.1
A mineral that is especially important for preventing anemia, a disease in which there are not enough healthy red bloods cells available to bring enough oxygen to body tissues, is

A) zinc.
B) iron.
C) iodine.
D) molybdenum.
E) folic acid.

Question 49

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Once a person turns 25 years of age, the person's BMR decreases by approximately 2-6% every ten years. This is due to the fact that as one ages, muscle mass decreases and fat levels increase. These changes decrease BMR and therefore the amount of calories one's body burns at rest.
If a person wants to stay the same weight between ten-year periods without changing his activity level, what action should he take?

A) He needs to raise his daily calorie intake by 2-6% every ten years.
B) He needs to maintain his daily calorie intake.
C) He needs to increase his essential amino acid daily intake and decrease his essential fatty acid daily intake.
D) He needs to maintain his essential vitamin daily intake and increase his daily caloric intake.
E) He needs to lower his daily calorie intake by the same amount.

Question 50

After eating a carbohydrate-rich meal, the mammalian pancreas increases its secretion of

A) glucagon.
B) mucus.
C) bile salts.
D) insulin.

Question 51

Figure 33.2
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules occurs at location(s)

A) 3 only.
B) 4 only.
C) 1 and 4.
D) 3 and 4.
E) 1, 3, and 4.

Question 52

Figure 33.2
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The agent(s) that help emulsify fats are produced in location

A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
D) 8.
E) 9.

Question 53

Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of

A) food eaten in one day.
B) heat generated in one day.
C) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day.
D) carbon dioxide produced in one day.
E) water consumed in one day.

Question 54

Figure 33.2
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Most of the digestion of fats occurs in location(s)

A) 3 only.
B) 4 only.
C) 1 and 4.
D) 3 and 4.
E) 1, 3, and 4.

Question 55

Omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids are readily available in leafy green plants. What is one way to ensure that animals raised for commercial purposes have enough of these fatty acids in their diets such that fatty acid supplementation is not needed?

A) Regularly check the health of the livestock's teeth to ensure that they can efficiently grind plants.
B) Allow the livestock adequate environment for natural grazing.
C) Regularly test for the presence of symbiotic bacteria in the gut of the livestock.
D) Reduce the amount of calcium that the livestock intake daily.
E) Increase the amount of phosphorus that the livestock intake daily.

Question 56

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene codes for a satiety factor, the hormone leptin. The db gene product, the leptin receptor, is required to respond to the satiety factor.
Leptin is a product of adipose cells. Therefore, a very obese mouse would be expected to have

A) increased gene expression of ob and decreased expression of db.
B) increased gene expression of db and decreased expression of ob.
C) decreased transcription of both ob and db.
D) mutation of ob or db.

Question 57

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene codes for a satiety factor, the hormone leptin. The db gene product, the leptin receptor, is required to respond to the satiety factor.
Imagine that you are a biologist who is attempting to get an accurate measure of an animal's basal metabolic rate. The best time to measure the metabolic rate is when the animal

A) is resting and has not eaten its first meal of the day.
B) is resting and has just completed its first meal of the day.
C) has recently eaten a sugar-free meal.
D) has not consumed any water for at least 48 hours.
E) has just completed 30 minutes of vigorous exercise.

Question 58

Use the following table showing the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (% DV) to answer the following question(s). Figure 33.1
The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is that

A) it would be chemically impossible to add more.
B) these vitamins and minerals are too large in size to reach 100%.
C) it is too easy to overdose on minerals such as phosphorus and calcium.
D) it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K.
E) these supplements are meant for those who have been deprived of healthy foods.

Question 59

The hydra is an example of an organism with a simple body plan that uses the same site for both digestion and nutrient distribution. What is the name of that site?

A) gastrovascular cavity
B) mouth
C) crop
D) midgut
E) anus

Question 60

Most individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes have an increased probability of having inherited the disease from both parents. Additionally, Caucasians have the highest diagnosed rate of type 1 diabetes. What can you conclude from this information?

A) Type 1 diabetes risk factors likely influence the risk factors for type 2 diabetes in Caucasians.
B) Type 1 diabetes is treated most easily in Caucasians.
C) Type 1 diabetes is easily cured in Caucasians.
D) Type 1 diabetes risk factors are likely more prevalent in Caucasians than in other races.

Question 61

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol. Protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes

A) occur inside cells in most animals.
B) add a water molecule to break bonds.
C) require a low pH resulting from HCl production.
D) consume ATP.

Question 62

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Once a person turns 25 years of age, the person's BMR decreases by approximately 2-6% every ten years. This is due to the fact that as one ages, muscle mass decreases and fat levels increase. These changes decrease BMR and therefore the amount of calories one's body burns at rest.
If a person were to maintain the same level of activity at ages 25 and 35, how would the weight of the person differ between the two ages?

A) The person will weigh the same at ages 25 and 35.
B) The person will weigh more at age 25 than at age 35.
C) The person will weigh more at age 35 than at age 25.
D) There is not enough information to determine how weight might change between the two ages.

Question 63

After surgical removal of the gallbladder, a person might need to limit their dietary intake of

A) starch.
B) protein.
C) sugar.
D) fat.

Question 64

Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?

A) storage
B) HCl production
C) nutrient absorption
D) enzyme secretion

Question 65

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the

A) large intestine.
B) stomach.
C) pharynx.
D) rectum.

Question 66

If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?

A) muscle proteins
B) muscle and liver glycogen
C) fat in the liver
D) fat in adipose tissue

Question 67

Which organ is incorrectly paired with its function?

A) stomach-protein digestion
B) large intestine-bile production
C) small intestine-nutrient absorption
D) pancreas-enzyme production