Deck 12: Expanding the Social World: Peers and Friends

Question 1

When Stanley first came to Eureka High School as "the new kid" halfway into the year, he closely observed his peers interacting with each other and with his teachers. As time goes on and Stanley learns the school's social rules, he will rely __________ on others in this educational setting.

A) less
B) more
C) heavily
D) totally

Answer 1

less

Question 2

Compared to relationships with family members, peer relationships are

A) less egalitarian.
B) more demanding.
C) less enduring.
D) more educational.

Answer 2

less enduring.

Question 3

Penny is a new kid at South Central High School and she is intent on watching her new peers. Which peers would she be most likely to imitate?

A) Those who are quiet and well-behaved
B) Those she perceives as most different from herself
C) Those who seem powerful and popular
D) Those who are the most unfriendly to her

Answer 3

Those who seem powerful and popular

Question 4

Sociometric measurements are used to assess peer popularity or

A) social systems.
B) social attributes.
C) social status.
D) social expectations.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an example of positive or negative peer reinforcement?

A) Brian teasing Martin for playing with a "girl" toy
B) Brian praising Martin for drawing a nice picture
C) Brian imitating Martin's way of throwing a ball
D) Brian paying attention to Martin as he sings a song

Question 6

Which of the following are used to assess peer status by asking children to compare peers as to likeability or identify those whom they like best?

A) Ethnographies
B) Sociometric techniques
C) Structured interviews
D) Factor analyses

Question 7

Which one of the following characteristics does NOT describe how social exchanges between mothers and infants differ from social exchanges between infant peers?

A) Mothers respond less often than infant peers.
B) Exchanges with mothers are shorter but more enjoyable.
C) Exchanges with mothers are more equal, with both partners contributing equally to the interaction.
D) Exchanges with mothers are more one-sided, with mothers maintaining more of the interaction.

Question 8

Popular children receive

A) a large number of positive nominations and very few negative ones.
B) a large number of positive nominations and a large number of negative ones.
C) a few extremely positive nominations and a large number of negative ones.
D) a few extremely positive nominations and few negative ones.

Question 9

Between the ages of 1 and 2, children begin to develop

A) the capacity to take turns and exchange roles in play.
B) a preference for same-sex peers.
C) the capacity for cooperative play in which partners reciprocate and share common goals.
D) a preference for opposite-sex peers.

Question 10

Throughout the preschool years,

A) solitary play increases in frequency.
B) associative play and cooperative play decrease in frequency.
C) associative and cooperative play becomes more frequent, while solitary and parallel play diminish in frequency.
D) solitary play diminishes completely and is not found among school-aged children.

Question 11

Imitation between preschoolers

A) is usually perceived as irritating by those who are being imitated.
B) reinforces peer interactions.
C) serves no function other than enjoyment.
D) in an ineffective way to learn rules.

Question 12

What type of a relationship exists between the child's age and the amount of time spent with others?

A) Children spend more time with just peers than alone.
B) Children spend more time alone than with peers.
C) Children spend more time with adults and peers than alone.
D) Children spend about the same amount of time alone as they do with adults.

Question 13

In addition to approval, peer reinforcement affects behavior patterns of peer recipients since it provides

A) distraction.
B) attention.
C) modeling.
D) humor.

Question 14

compared peer relationships in the U.S., Japan, and Korea and found that

A) American peers spend more time talking to each other than peers in Japan and Korea.
B) American peers spend less time talking to each other than peers in Japan and Korea.
C) American peers spend the same amount of time talking to each other as peers in Japan and Korea.
D) peers in all three countries spent less time talking to each other between the ages of 10 to 15.

Question 15

At around 6-12 months of age, infants

A) can recognize a peer as a social partner.
B) begin to engage in pretend play.
C) do not pay attention to other infants.
D) will notice other infants, but do not make any attempts to influence each other.

Question 16

Relationships between preschoolers

A) are based only on positive exchanges and do not involve conflict.
B) are almost always very short-lived.
C) are exactly the same as relationships between older children.
D) may be more complex than previously thought.

Question 17

found that toddlers who frequently initiated conflicts with peers

A) were the most sociable and initiated the most interactions.
B) were unpopular with peers.
C) were insecurely attached to their parents.
D) were socially immature.

Question 18

Which of the following types of play is the most complex and sophisticated?

A) Solitary
B) Cooperative
C) Associative
D) Parallel

Question 19

Throughout the toddler years, children show a greater preference for playing

A) alone.
B) with parents.
C) with older siblings.
D) with peers.

Question 20

When children use their peers as standards to evaluate or measure themselves against, they are engaged in the process of

A) modeling.
B) social comparison.
C) peer adulation.
D) social decline.

Question 21

Which is NOT one of the ways in which socially competent and incompetent children differ from one another according to the social-information processing model?

A) Attributions for other children's behavior
B) Personality characteristics such as extraversion
C) Skill at enacting appropriate behavior
D) The number of competent responses they can generate

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true of popular children?

A) Popular children are always friendly and assertive.
B) Popular children are always arrogant and relationally aggressive.
C) Popular children are always shy and reserved.
D) Many popular children are seen as friendly and assertive, but some may be seen as arrogant and relationally aggressive.

Question 23

Candy is a new girl in Mrs. Gregg's second grade class. If given a choice to play with either Mary and Delores or Calvin and Richard, Candy will more than likely choose

A) Mary and Delores.
B) Calvin and Richard.
C) the teacher.
D) no one; she would prefer to be alone.

Question 24

Which is considered the most significant factor that influences a child's peer acceptance?

A) Attractiveness
B) Social and cognitive skills
C) Verbal ability
D) Athletic ability

Question 25

Which is the LEAST likely to be an effective strategy in initiating social interaction?

A) Offering information
B) Inviting someone to join an activity
C) Asking for information
D) Standing on the edge of a group

Question 26

found that children whose primary friendships are with children of the opposite gender

A) are more popular than those with mainly same-gender friends.
B) are similar in popularity to those with mainly same-gender friends.
C) are less popular than those with mainly same-gender friends.
D) have higher self-esteem than those with mainly same-gender friends.

Question 27

Which of the following characteristics is attributed to unattractive children?

A) Sharing
B) Meanness
C) Self-sufficiency
D) Friendliness

Question 28

Timothy is not often noticed by most of his classmates. He has a couple of friends, but received few "like" or "dislike" votes from his classmates' sociometric ratings. Which sociometric status is Timothy likely to be categorized as?

A) Popular
B) Rejected
C) Neglected
D) Controversial

Question 29

At what point in development do boys and girls prefer to be in groups with both genders as opposed to single-gender groups?

A) Preschool period
B) Early childhood
C) Middle childhood
D) Adolescence

Question 30

Dodge and colleagues believe that individual biological predispositions

A) are unrelated to social-information processing.
B) can account for some of the variations between children in social-information processing.
C) contribute more to social acceptance than social-information processing skills.
D) should not be emphasized.

Question 31

Children are typically rejected by their peers for a variety of reasons, but researchers have distinguished two types of rejected children: __________ and __________.

A) aggressive; nonaggressive
B) verbal; nonverbal
C) threatening; abusive
D) unsocial; passive

Question 32

Which children would be more likely to be persistent and successful in forming new friendships?

A) Children who have a learning goal
B) Children who have few goals
C) Children who have no goal
D) Children who make hostile attributions

Question 33

Madeline has been playing checkers with her friends Kelly and Mandy. After noticing looks of boredom on their faces, she decides that she would like to initiate a game change with her friends. Madeline's decision to initiate a game change would be an example of which step of the social-information processing model?

A) Interpreting cues
B) Clarifying goals
C) Reviewing actions/responses
D) Action

Question 34

Compared to unattractive people, attractive people

A) are treated more positively.
B) display greater intelligence.
C) are more emotionally well-adjusted.
D) All of these

Question 35

According to researchers' classification system of peer social status, which of the following would best describe a boy who is seen as aggressive, as having poor self control, and as very active by his peers?

A) Popular
B) Average
C) Rejected
D) Neglected

Question 36

Children who develop negative goals and strategies for social interactions have been found to say that their problems with peers are the result of

A) a temporary misunderstanding.
B) a permanent lack of ability.
C) a lack of effort.
D) jealousy on the part of the other children.

Question 37

What kinds of attributions are socially incompetent children likely to make in ambiguous situations?

A) Nonthreatening
B) External
C) Hostile
D) Friendly

Question 38

Ryan and Mallory are both in the second grade. At school they talk to each other and sometimes at recess they will play together as long as there is a group of boys of which Ryan is a part and a group of girls to which Mallory belongs. However, it is not unusual for them to spend Saturday afternoons at each other's homes. How would you describe their relationship?

A) Pathological and aberrant
B) Typical for their age
C) Unusual and strange
D) An indicator for future problems

Question 39

have found that social status is related to

A) age.
B) verbal ability.
C) family functioning.
D) cognitive skills.

Question 40

Researchers who study social-information processing have found that early peer rejection

A) can motivate children to develop more competent social skills later in childhood.
B) is unrelated to children's social skills.
C) is associated with increased social skills deficits over time.
D) seems to have few negative consequences for children.

Question 41

Which type of victimization are girls most likely to be the targets of?

A) Verbal threats and insults
B) Physical victimization
C) Relational victimization
D) Bullying

Question 42

In American cultures, children frequently play with peers who are

A) older.
B) the same age.
C) younger.
D) immature.

Question 43

In low-income neighborhoods

A) friendships are less abundant than in high-income neighborhoods.
B) children have less access to large peer groups than children in high-income neighborhoods.
C) parents can protect their children by monitoring their activities.
D) parents usually have to plan their children's social interactions for them.

Question 44

Mothers who interact in a positive and agreeable manner with their children and exhibit concern for feelings have

A) lower-status children.
B) middle-status children.
C) higher-status children.
D) average-status children.

Question 45

In peer interactions,

A) boys and girls show global differences in their interactions.
B) boys and girls show many similarities in their peer relationships.
C) boys are always more competitive than girls.
D) girls are always more nurturing than boys.

Question 46

Children can protect themselves from being victimized by bullies by

A) running away.
B) having aggressive friends.
C) paying bullies money to leave them alone.
D) being submissive to the requests of bullies.

Question 47

Which peer status category is the most stable over time?

A) Popular
B) Neglected
C) Controversial
D) Rejected

Question 48

found that, compared to popular children, unpopular children are more likely to

A) become involved with criminal activity.
B) maintain high academic achievement.
C) demonstrate appropriate classroom behavior.
D) become popular after puberty.

Question 49

Which type of child is most likely to be given the "benefit of the doubt" when he may have engaged in a negative behavior?

A) An unpopular peer
B) A rejected peer
C) An unfamiliar peer
D) A popular peer

Question 50

Children who are rejected by peers

A) are likely to be victimized.
B) are likely to feel lonely.
C) may feel more socially isolated and alienated than children who are disliked.
D) may feel more intelligent than others.

Question 51

Which of the following strategies would a mother of a lower-status child probably offer her child when suggesting how to solve a conflict with a peer?

A) Suggest the children try a positive alternative action
B) Suggest a rule-oriented strategy
C) Suggest an avoidant strategy
D) Encourage communication between the children

Question 52

Which of the following are likely to show a slower pattern of marriage and childbearing in adulthood?

A) Rejected, lonely girls
B) Rejected, lonely boys
C) Both shy girls and shy boys
D) Neither shy girls nor shy boys

Question 53

Children who are unpopular with peers

A) may suffer long-term problems from being unpopular.
B) show no behavioral differences than popular children.
C) are destined to display chronic emotional problems even if they have one friend.
D) interact better with adults.

Question 54

Shyness consists of

A) the need to be alone and dislike of others.
B) sadness and rejection by others.
C) social anxiety and inhibited social behavior.
D) inappropriate eye contact and lack of social skills.

Question 55

Children generally associate helping, nurturing, and assisting functions to their peers who are

A) younger.
B) smarter.
C) the same age.
D) older.

Question 56

Children who are poorly accepted by peers

A) cooperate less in the classroom.
B) are at higher risk of dropping out of school.
C) may develop patterns of criminal activity.
D) All of these

Question 57

Which of the following statements about peer victimization is NOT true?

A) Victimized children do not victimize other children.
B) Victimized children can be submissive or provocative.
C) Victimized children have lower self-esteem than non-victims.
D) Victimized children tend to show decreasing depression over time.

Question 58

Eileen often takes her 2-year-old son Coty over to Penny's house in order for Coty to play with Penny's 2-year-old son, Trevor. Eileen is acting as a(n) __________ in facilitating her child's peer contacts.

A) coach
B) social arranger
C) interactive partner
D) networking neighbor

Question 59

Children who are well-accepted by peers tend to have mothers who exhibit all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) acceptance of the child's views.
B) controlling behavior.
C) mutual warmth.
D) frequent praise of their children.

Question 60

Which of the following factors leads to strong feelings of social isolation and alienation?

A) Aggressiveness
B) Being actively disliked by many peers
C) Having one close friend
D) All of these

Question 61

Ruby and Belinda are best friends who share a great deal of personal information with each other and expect to receive understanding from one another. They have a number of common interests such as art and music and have similar values on a range of topics. Which stage of friendship are they in?

A) Dualism
B) Empathic
C) Normative
D) Reward-cost

Question 62

During adolescence, friendship processes begin to emphasize

A) exploring the self and disclosure.
B) fitting in with the norms of the group.
C) learning to resolve conflict.
D) maximizing entertainment.

Question 63

The essential components of a friendship are __________ and __________.

A) proximity; gender
B) common interests; age
C) similar backgrounds; availability
D) reciprocity; commitment

Question 64

Girls of all ages tend to place more emphasis than boys on what aspect of friendship?

A) Obligations
B) Helping or benefiting the other person
C) Shared activities
D) Having similar attitudes towards rules

Question 65

Socially incompetent children are likely to be

A) controversial with peers.
B) ignored by peers.
C) rejected by peers.
D) preferred by their teachers.

Question 66

Mr. Burton would like to change his third grade classroom in order to reduce the conditions that are hindering the social development of some children. Which of the following techniques might be an effective way to do this?

A) Putting children in groups according to their academic ability
B) Encouraging friendly competition among students
C) Teaching positive, assertive communication skills to the children
D) Giving less praise and fewer rewards to the popular children

Question 67

Which of these children engaging in solitary play is likely to be socially incompetent?

A) 2-year-old Brenda, who is playing with blocks on the floor
B) 7-year-old Maggie, who enjoys painting pictures
C) 7-year-old Stephanie, who is pretending to be a horse
D) 12-year-old Geneva, who is interested in computers

Question 68

Rejected children

A) spend most of their time alone.
B) often have friends who are also rejected and aggressive.
C) choose friends who are more popular than themselves.
D) choose friends who are passive and well-behaved.

Question 69

Which group of children was found by Ladd and colleagues to benefit the most when their parents arrange a lot of social activities for them?

A) Boys
B) Girls
C) Adolescents
D) Popular children

Question 70

found that girls in the group who maintained a stable pool of friendships

A) tended to add new relationships to the existing ones.
B) were more apt to tease others inside and outside their group.
C) were less apt to tease others.
D) were easily angered.

Question 71

Effective interventions for lonely children include

A) teaching social skills.
B) teaching specific games and sports activities.
C) changing classroom and school organizational patterns.
D) All of these

Question 72

During middle childhood, children become more concerned with being accepted by their same-gender peers and fitting in with the norms of the group. The most salient social process that emerges during this stage is

A) intimacy.
B) negative gossip.
C) reputational bias.
D) ritual insults.

Question 73

Which stage of friendship is characterized by offering help, sharing common activities, and nearness?

A) Normative
B) Proximal
C) Empathic
D) Reward-cost

Question 74

Which stage of friendship occurs at about grades 4 and 5, where similar attitudes and values toward rules are important?

A) Normative
B) Reward-cost
C) Empathic
D) Euphoric

Question 75

Who engages in negative gossip?

A) Girls almost exclusively
B) Boys almost exclusively
C) Both boys and girls
D) Neither boys nor girls over age 8

Question 76

Having numerous same-sex antipathies is negatively associated with children's

A) language skills.
B) creativity.
C) socioemotional adjustment.
D) physical abilities.

Question 77

Girls with numerous mixed-sex antipathies are likely to be ___________, while boys with numerous mixed-sex antipathies are likely to be __________.

A) antisocial; popular
B) popular; rejected
C) aggressive; victimized
D) depressed; antisocial

Question 78

The use of coaching techniques with unpopular children by Ladd and colleagues resulted in

A) coached children becoming more popular and having improved classroom behavior.
B) coached children showing no differences when compared to control group children.
C) coached children exhibiting additional positive ripple effects; for example, grades improving.
D) coached children having difficulties using the techniques without support from an adult.

Question 79

Girls' tendency to form close relationships in isolation from a larger group

A) puts their relationships in jeopardy.
B) protects them from conflict and gossip.
C) is associated with long-lasting friendships.
D) is associated with more security and comfort.

Question 80

Gottman's research on the development of friendships found that, compared to new acquaintances, friends

A) had fewer disagreements.
B) had difficulty resolving conflicts.
C) communicated more clearly.
D) exchanged little information.