Deck 4: Physiology of the Cell

Question 1

Lactated Ringers Solution, a frequently administered IV fluid, is a/an

A) hypertonic colloid fluid.
B) hypertonic crystalloid gel.
C) isotonic, colloid gel.
D) isotonic, crystalloid fluid.

Answer 1

isotonic, crystalloid fluid.

Question 2

If cells (e.g., red blood cells) are placed in a hypotonic solution, what will happen to them?

A) Nothing will happen.
B) They will burst.
C) They will shrivel.
D) They will stick together.

Answer 2

They will burst.

Question 3

Osmolality measures the concentration of __ in fluid.

A) anions
B) cations
C) electrolytes
D) solutes

Answer 3

solutes

Question 4

An alkaline solution is one that has

A) a high concentration of hydroxyl ions and a low concentration of hydrogen ions.
B) a low concentration of hydroxyl ions and a high concentration of hydrogen ions.
C) a low concentration of hydroxyl ions and a low concentration of hydrogen ions.
D) equal concentrations of hydroxyl and hydrogen ions.

Question 5

Waste products of cellular metabolism that are carried in the blood are slightly acidic. To counteract the effects of the acidic waste materials, what would be an ideal pH for blood?

A) 6
B) 6.4
C) 7
D) 7.4

Question 6

Which ion has the highest intracellular concentration?

A) bicarbonate
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) sodium

Question 7

Edema results when there is an abnormal movement of fluid

A) from the extracellular space to the intracellular space.
B) from the interstitial space to the extracellular space.
C) from the intracellular space to the intravascular space.
D) from the intravascular space to the interstitial space.

Question 8

Ions that have a negative charge are called

A) anions.
B) cations.
C) electrolytes.
D) solutes.

Question 9

Osmosis involves the movement of __ to achieve equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular fluids.

A) electrolytes
B) salts
C) solutes
D) water

Question 10

A patient that has a capillary refill time (CRT) of 2.5 seconds is

A) 10% to 12% dehydrated.
B) 5% to 7% dehydrated.
C) 8% to 9% dehydrated.
D) not dehydrated.

Question 11

Which processes rely on movement of water through a membrane?

A) cytosis and filtration
B) diffusion and cytosis
C) filtration and osmosis
D) osmosis and diffusion

Question 12

Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity is called

A) ascariasis.
B) ascites.
C) cutaneous edema.
D) pitting edema.

Question 13

Diffusion is

A) active osmosis.
B) molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in a liquid or gas.
C) molecules moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration in a liquid or gas.
D) passive osmosis.

Question 14

Facilitated diffusion

A) moves molecules from extracellular spaces to intracellular spaces using no energy from the cell.
B) moves molecules from extracellular spaces to intracellular spaces using energy from the cell.
C) moves molecules from intracellular spaces to extracellular spaces using no energy from the cell.
D) moves molecules from intracellular spaces to extracellular spaces using energy from the cell.

Question 15

A solution that contains more solutes than plasma is

A) hypertonic.
B) hypotonic.
C) isotonic.
D) normal saline.

Question 16

A patient is depressed and lying down. The mucous membranes and tongue are dry. It is conscious with a weak and rapid pulse. What would you estimate the percentage of dehydration to be?

A) 5% to 7%
B) 8% to 9%
C) 10% to 12%
D) 12% to 15%

Question 17

Which compartment of water makes up the majority of total body water?

A) extravascular fluid
B) interstitial fluid
C) intracellular fluid
D) intravascular fluid

Question 18

Fluid therapy to correct dehydration in an animal would be

A) maintenance therapy.
B) masking therapy.
C) replacement therapy.
D) resuscitation therapy.

Question 19

The concentration of salt in water in normal saline is

A) 0.9% KCl.
B) 0.9% NaCl.
C) 9.0% KCl.
D) 9.0% NaCl.

Question 20

In a healthy animal, insensible water loss is the water lost

A) during respiration.
B) from sweating.
C) in feces.
D) in urine.

Question 21

X-shaped chromosomes are linked together at the

A) centromere.
B) cytosome.
C) metaphase plate.
D) replication fork.

Question 22

What is the source of energy for the symport system of electrolyte transport across a cell membrane?

A) ADP
B) ATP
C) potassium ions
D) sodium ions

Question 23

Which form of passive transport requires a pressure gradient to drive the activity of molecules?

A) diffusion
B) excretion
C) filtration
D) osmosis

Question 24

All mutations result in a/an

A) alteration of genetic material.
B) organ malfunction.
C) physical changes in an animal.
D) tissue destruction.

Question 25

DNA replication occurs during which stage of interphase?

A) growth one phase
B) growth two phase
C) synthetic phase
D) systolic phase

Question 26

Chemotherapeutic drugs work by

A) altering a cell's nuclear membrane and destroying DNA.
B) blocking cell division and protein synthesis.
C) coating the cell's out membrane and killing the cell.
D) rupturing a cell's outer membrane resulting in loss of cytoplasm.

Question 27

During replication, the double-stranded DNA unwinds and produces two nucleotide chains. If the original strand reads GTTAGA, what is the configuration of the complementary new strand that is formed?

A) ACCGTG
B) CAATCT
C) CGGTCT
D) TAAGTG

Question 28

The sodium-potassium pump system is a(n)

A) antiport system.
B) filtration system.
C) osmosis system.
D) symport system.

Question 29

Transcription results in

A) amino acid production.
B) mRNA production.
C) nitrogenous bases.
D) tRNA production.

Question 30

The nucleotide triplet that codes for "start here" when making peptide chains is called the

A) advocate.
B) organizer.
C) promoter.
D) supporter.

Question 31

A phagosome found in a cell will contain

A) gaseous material.
B) ionized material.
C) liquid material.
D) solid material.

Question 32

What is the correct order of stages of mitosis?

A) anaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase
B) prophase, anaphase, telophase, metaphase
C) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
D) telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase

Question 33

When a liquid is taken into a cell and the cell uses energy to bring it in, the process is known as

A) exocytosis.
B) filtration.
C) phagocytosis.
D) pinocytosis.

Question 34

In a normal cell the sodium-potassium pump

A) pumps sodium and potassium into the cell.
B) pumps sodium and potassium out of the cell.
C) pumps sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell.
D) pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

Question 35

When waste materials are released from a cell into the interstitial fluid, the process is known as

A) endocytosis.
B) excretion.
C) filtration.
D) secretion.

Question 36

A macrophage "ingests" a dead neutrophil (white blood cell) through

A) phagocytosis.
B) pinocytosis.
C) the antiport system.
D) the symport system.

Question 37

Protein synthesis begins in the

A) DNA.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) mRNA.
D) ribosomes.

Question 38

Cell differentiation and development is dependent on

A) the number of chromosomes in genes.
B) the number of genes in chromosomes.
C) the position of chromosomes in genes.
D) the position of genes in chromosomes.

Question 39

Besides sodium and potassium, which other cations are actively transported across all cell membranes?

A) calcium and iron
B) chloride and magnesium
C) iron and chloride
D) magnesium and calcium

Question 40

Which process is limited by the number of available carrier proteins?

A) exocytosis
B) facilitated diffusion
C) filtration
D) simple diffusion