Deck 10: Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Question 1

A 2003 study investigating reality-based television programming and the psychology of its appeal found that:

A) regular reality TV show viewers reported no voyeuristic pleasure from the programs.
B) viewers were not aware that the cast members' behaviors were not authentic.
C) viewers indicated that they gained pleasure from reality TV shows.
D) viewers enjoy watching reality TV because it shows people who are better off than themselves.

Answer 1

viewers indicated that they gained pleasure from reality TV shows.

Question 2

A(n) _____ is a statistic used to determine if there is statistically significant difference between two related sets of scores.

A) t-test for dependent means
B) paired samples t-test
C) independent samples t-test
D) Latin square design

Answer 2

t-test for dependent means

Question 3

_____ is a German word meaning "enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others."

A) Streudelfreude
B) Schadenfreude
C) Nachmittag
D) Gehirntumor

Answer 3

Schadenfreude

Question 4

A professor is concerned about participants dropping out of his study because of fear of electric shock. He is worried about:

A) practice effects.
B) carryover effects.
C) retention.
D) attrition.

Question 5

_____is the process of using all potential treatment sequences in a within-subjects design.

A) Attrition
B) Latin square design
C) Maturation
D) Counterbalancing

Question 6

Why is a repeated-measures design considered a within-subjects design?

A) Participants are measured twice, once at the beginning of the study and again at the end of the study.
B) Participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) Participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) Fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.

Question 7

Why is a pretest-posttest design considered a within-subjects design?

A) Participants are measured twice, once at the beginning of the study and again at the end of the study.
B) Participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) Participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) Fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.

Question 8

In a 2004 study observing why people watch reality television researchers found that:

A) participants who did not enjoy reality TV shows tended to place higher value on vengeance.
B) participants who enjoyed reality TV shows tended to place less value on vengeance.
C) participants who did not enjoy reality TV shows tended to be more status-oriented.
D) participants who enjoyed reality TV shows tended to be more status-oriented.

Question 9

______ is a list of students maintained by a psychology department who will receive credit in their psychology class if they participate in a research study.

A) The retention pool
B) Attrition
C) The research participant pool
D) Baseline measurement

Question 10

Professor Marks is most interested in whether his student's knowledge increased during the progression of his math course. Students took a quiz at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Professor Marks used a:

A) longitudinal design.
B) pretest-posttest design.
C) Latin square design.
D) repeated-measures design.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a potential solution to order effects?

A) lengthen the time between treatments
B) expose participants to only one of the treatments
C) use strategies that prevent participants from knowing the purpose of study
D) keep the tasks brief

Question 12

Mrs. Klein is having her social studies students assessed at multiple points throughout the academic year, after each academic module has completed. However, she does not need a baseline measurement. Mrs. Klein is conducting a:

A) pretest-posttest design.
B) repeated-measures design.
C) Latin square design.
D) spurious design.

Question 13

______ is the continued exposure to experimental conditions in a within-subjects study that increases the likelihood of hypothesis-guessing.

A) Order effect
B) Practice effect
C) Sensitization effect
D) Carryover effect

Question 14

Dr. Okete wants to collect baseline data from her sociology students regarding knowledge of local cultures and then assess the students at multiple points throughout the academic year, after each academic module has completed. Dr. Okete is conducting a:

A) pretest-posttest design.
B) repeated-measures design.
C) Latin square design.
D) spurious design.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a potential solution to order effects?

A) fatigue participants so their performance deteriorates
B) provide participants with extensive training with task
C) do a trial run so the participants can learn
D) make the task more interesting

Question 16

Mr. McGrew needs to conduct an initial assessment on all of his soccer players to see if they are in shape after a summer of no practices. Mr. McGrew is conducting a:

A) longitudinal design.
B) case study.
C) behavioral diary.
D) baseline measurement.

Question 17

Why is a longitudinal design considered a within-subjects design?

A) Participants are measured twice, once at the beginning of the study and again at the end of the study.
B) Participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) Participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) Fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.

Question 18

_____ is a counterbalancing strategy in which each experimental condition appears at every position in the sequence order an equal number of times.

A) Latin Square design
B) Attrition
C) Maturation
D) Repeated-measures design

Question 19

A _____ is a statistic used to test a hypothesis from a within-subjects design with three or more conditions.

A) pretest-posttest test
B) repeated-measures analysis of variance
C) one-way analysis of variance
D) chi-square test of independence

Question 20

A 2007 exploratory study examining reality TV show appeal found that:

A) participants watched reality television shows to pass the time.
B) participants watched reality television shows for voyeuristic reasons.
C) fictional TV shows are more appealing than reality TV shows.
D) viewers did not gain pleasure from watching reality television shows.

Question 21

_______, also known as attrition, is the differential dropping out of participants from a study.

A) An order effect
B) Retention
C) Carryover
D) Mortality

Question 22

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs?

A) testing effect can't happen
B) mortality can't happen
C) individual differences remain constant across comparison groups
D) maturation can't happen

Question 23

Which of the following is a possible solution to a threat of internal validity?

A) make continuation in the study appealing
B) not using distractor items
C) change the participants during the study
D) decrease time between the different conditions

Question 24

_____ is a threat to internal validity in a within-subjects design resulting from the influence that the sequence of experiment conditions can have on the dependent variable.

A) A carryover effect
B) A practice effect
C) History
D) An order effect

Question 25

A _____ focuses on a within-subjects design in which participants are measured before and after exposure to a treatment or intervention.

A) repeated-measures design
B) pretest-posttest design
C) dependent means t-test
D) paired samples t-test

Question 26

Repeated-measures design, unlike pretest-posttest designs, do NOT include:

A) a case study.
B) a sensitization effect.
C) a baseline measurement.
D) instrumentation.

Question 27

______ is the differential dropping out of participants from a study.

A) Attrition
B) A carryover effect
C) A testing effect
D) Retention

Question 28

If a researcher wants to complete an initial assessment on a group of participants this is referred to as:

A) a behavioral diary.
B) a case study.
C) a baseline measurement.
D) counterbalancing.

Question 29

_____ is a threat to the internal validity of a study because participants' scores may change on subsequent measurements simply because of increased familiarity.

A) Instrumentation
B) A carryover effect
C) A testing effect
D) A practice effect

Question 30

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs?

A) there are no testing effects
B) mortality does not occur
C) individual differences remain constant across comparison groups
D) maturation cannot occur

Question 31

______ is a threat to internal validity due to changes in how a variable is measured during the course of an experiment.

A) A testing effect
B) A carryover effect
C) A practice effect
D) Instrumentation

Question 32

______ is a type of within-subjects design in which participants are exposed to each level of the independent variable and are measured on the dependent variable after each level.

A) A pretest-posttest design
B) A repeated-measures design
C) A multigroup design
D) A Latin square design

Question 33

The _____ is a deterioration in measurements due to participants becoming tired, less attentive, or careless during the course of the study.

A) sensitization effect
B) fatigue effect
C) carryover effect
D) practice effect

Question 34

_____ describes changes in a participant's responses or behavior due to increased experience with the measurement.

A) A practice effect
B) An order effect
C) A carryover effect
D) Maturation

Question 35

In a _____ participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.

A) Latin square design
B) repeated-measures design
C) longitudinal design
D) pretest-posttest design

Question 36

______ is a threat to internal validity due to an external event that can potentially influence participants' behavior during an experiment.

A) Maturation
B) History
C) Instrumentation
D) Attrition

Question 37

______ refers to the exposure to earlier experimental conditions, which can influence responses on subsequent experimental conditions.

A) History
B) Instrumentation
C) A sensitization effect
D) A carryover effect

Question 38

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs?

A) fewer research participants needed
B) attrition can't happen
C) testing effects don't happen
D) instrumentation isn't needed

Question 39

A _____is a self-report data collection strategy in which individuals record their behaviors and associated feelings concurrently.

A) behavioral diary
B) repeated measure design
C) case study
D) history

Question 40

______ is a threat to internal validity stemming from either long-term or short-term physiological changes occurring within the participants that may influence the dependent variable.

A) Maturation
B) Attrition
C) Mortality
D) Instrumentation

Question 41

Define longitudinal design and describe an example of such a design.

Question 42

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kahn, M., Fridenson, S., Lerer, Bar-Haim, Y. & Sadeh, A. (2014). Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study. Sleep Medicine, 15, 825-832.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention. Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions. In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep. In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep, but it was interrupted every two hours. After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT). The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary. The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions. As predicted, when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants. The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences.
(Scenario I) The design described in Scenario I is best described as a _____ design.

A) pretest-posttest
B) longitudinal
C) repeated-measures
D) cross-sectional

Question 43

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kahn, M., Fridenson, S., Lerer, Bar-Haim, Y. & Sadeh, A. (2014). Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study. Sleep Medicine, 15, 825-832.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention. Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions. In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep. In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep, but it was interrupted every two hours. After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT). The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary. The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions. As predicted, when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants. The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences.
(Scenario I) Why do you think the researchers in Scenario I did not rely only on participants' behavioral diaries to assess mood and cognition?

A) The researchers are unable to control the diary entries making interpretation difficult.
B) Participants could succumb to demand characteristics and simply write what they thought the researchers wanted to hear.
C) Quantitative measures must always accompany behavioral diaries to establish validity.
D) All of the above.

Question 44

Define instrumentation and provide an example.

Question 45

What is the difference between a repeated-measures analysis of variance and a t-test for dependent means?

Question 46

Describe the potential solutions to the following order effects: practice effect and fatigue effect.

Question 47

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kahn, M., Fridenson, S., Lerer, Bar-Haim, Y. & Sadeh, A. (2014). Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study. Sleep Medicine, 15, 825-832.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention. Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions. In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep. In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep, but it was interrupted every two hours. After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT). The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary. The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions. As predicted, when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants. The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences.
(Scenario I) The researchers of the study described in Scenario I counterbalanced the design so that half the participants received a solid eight hours of sleep first and the other half received interrupted sleep first. They did this to reduce which order effect?

A) practice effect
B) carryover effect
C) fatigue effect
D) all of the above

Question 48

What is the sensitization effect?

Question 49

Describe attrition and provide an example of when it is likely within an experiment.

Question 50

Describe the possible solutions to the following threats to internal validity: maturation and testing effects.

Question 51

What information is included in a write up for a t-test for dependent means?

Question 52

What is the difference between a one-way ANOVA and a repeated-measures ANOVA?

Question 53

Why is a thorough literature review so important to current research?

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kahn, M., Fridenson, S., Lerer, Bar-Haim, Y. & Sadeh, A. (2014). Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study. Sleep Medicine, 15, 825-832.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention. Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions. In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep. In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep, but it was interrupted every two hours. After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT). The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary. The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions. As predicted, when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants. The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences.
(Scenario I) The study described in Scenario I required participants to volunteer two nights of sleep. What might the researchers have done to minimize the attrition rate?

A) provide a monetary incentive for each night and a bonus incentive for participating in both nights
B) increase the number of days between each sleep condition
C) ensure consistency in the way behavior was assessed so participants knew what to expect the next time they were studied
D) all of the above

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kahn, M., Fridenson, S., Lerer, Bar-Haim, Y. & Sadeh, A. (2014). Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study. Sleep Medicine, 15, 825-832.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention. Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions. In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep. In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep, but it was interrupted every two hours. After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT). The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary. The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions. As predicted, when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants. The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences.
(Scenario I) Which statistic should the researchers use to analyze the data from Scenario I?

A) t-test for independent means
B) one-factor between-subjects ANOVA
C) t-test for dependent means
D) one-factor within-subjects ANOVA

Question 56

What are baseline measurements and why are they important to within-subjects designs?

Question 57

What is counterbalancing and how does it help minimize order effects?

Question 58

Describe the Rosenberg self-esteem scale used in the study throughout Chapter 10 and how you would interpret participant's scores.

Question 59

Describe what internal validity refers to and identify one example of a threat to internal validity.

Question 60

Provide a simple example of maturation.

Question 61

In a 2004 study looking at why people with certain personalities watch reality television researchers found that:

A) those who like reality TV tended to be less status-oriented and placed higher value on vengeance.
B) those who like reality TV tended to be more status-oriented and placed less value on vengeance.
C) those who like reality TV tended to be more status-oriented and placed higher value on vengeance.
D) those who like reality TV tended to be less status-oriented and placed less value on vengeance.

Question 62

In a 2003 study investigating reality-based television programming and its psychological appeal researchers found:

A) that viewers of reality TV were unaware that the cast members' behaviors were not authentic.
B) that viewers gained pleasure from watching reality TV shows because it showed others who were better off than themselves.
C) that viewers did not gain pleasure from watching reality TV shows.
D) that viewers gained pleasure from watching reality TV shows because it showed others who were worse off than themselves.

Question 63

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Cobeya, K. D., Buunka, A. P., Robert, S. C., et al. (2012). Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 395-401.
Effect of Hormone Level on Female Jealousy
The purpose of this study was to examine female jealously over the course of one's menstrual cycle. To that end, 29 females between the ages of 20 and 33 years were recruited from a reproductive health clinic via word of mouth. The women completed a jealousy scale via computer from their home on three separate occasions. The first occasion was when women were taking the birth control pill. After not having taken the pill for at least two months the women completed another two jealousy surveys, once during ovulation when they were fertile, and again when they were in the luteal cycle and not fertile. Fertility (and lack thereof) was determined by ultrasound. Of the 29 women who started the study, only 17 completed the study. The mean level of jealousy of the remaining 17 women at the time of each test was compared. The results indicated a statistically significant effect of time of survey on jealousy. Women, regardless of relationship status, were significantly less jealous when they were not fertile than when they were fertile.
(Scenario III) Which statistic should the researchers use to analyze the data from Scenario III?

A) t-test for independent means
B) one-factor between-subjects ANOVA
C) t-test for dependent means
D) one-factor within-subjects ANOVA

Question 64

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Cobeya, K. D., Buunka, A. P., Robert, S. C., et al. (2012). Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 395-401.
Effect of Hormone Level on Female Jealousy
The purpose of this study was to examine female jealously over the course of one's menstrual cycle. To that end, 29 females between the ages of 20 and 33 years were recruited from a reproductive health clinic via word of mouth. The women completed a jealousy scale via computer from their home on three separate occasions. The first occasion was when women were taking the birth control pill. After not having taken the pill for at least two months the women completed another two jealousy surveys, once during ovulation when they were fertile, and again when they were in the luteal cycle and not fertile. Fertility (and lack thereof) was determined by ultrasound. Of the 29 women who started the study, only 17 completed the study. The mean level of jealousy of the remaining 17 women at the time of each test was compared. The results indicated a statistically significant effect of time of survey on jealousy. Women, regardless of relationship status, were significantly less jealous when they were not fertile than when they were fertile.
(Scenario III) Scenario III describes that only 17 of the initial 29 women completed the study. This is an example of _____________ and is a potential threat to the study's ______________:

A) instrumentation; external
B) mortality; internal
C) attrition; external
D) maturation; internal

Question 65

Dr. Foster noted in his lecture yesterday that key words are extremely important in research and literature review. He further elaborated that key words for particular studies can usually be found in the _____ of a research manuscript.

A) appendix
B) discussion
C) results
D) abstract

Question 66

In a 2013 study examining the role of deservingness and emotions in relation to schadenfreude, or enjoyment gained from watching others struggle, researchers used vignettes describing college students from the same or different colleges who either deserved or did not deserve their academic success and who were then rejected from an honors program. The results indicated:

A) participants indicated less pleasure at rejection when the student's success was undeserved and the student was from another institution.
B) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was undeserved and the student was from another institution.
C) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was deserved and the student was from another institution.
D) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was deserved and the student was from the same institution as themselves.

Question 67

According to researchers social comparison refers to:

A) comparing yourself with others.
B) differentiating distinctions among others.
C) desire to see what one is not supposed to.
D) a lack of interest in what others are doing.

Question 68

In a 2010 study examining mediated voyeurism and the guilty pleasure of consuming reality television researchers found:

A) participants who gained more pleasure from voyeurism preferred watching reality TV compared with those who did gain pleasure from voyeurism.
B) participants who gained less pleasure from voyeurism preferred watching more reality TV.
C) there was no difference among watching reality TV between those who enjoyed voyeurism and those who did not.
D) participants who did not gain pleasure from voyeurism were less likely to socially compare themselves with others.

Question 69

In a 2009 study researchers examined the impact of deservingness on schadenfreude and sympathy and found that:

A) participants experienced less schadenfreude, or enjoyment of misfortune of others, from a student with undeserved achievements.
B) participants experienced greater schadenfreude, or enjoyment of misfortune of others, from a student with undeserved achievements.
C) participants experienced greater schadenfreude, or enjoyment of misfortune of others, from a student with deserved achievements.
D) there was no difference among participants' feelings of enjoyment whether the students deserved or did not deserve the noted achievements.

Question 70

In a 2007 exploratory study examining the uses and gratifications of reality TV shows researchers found:

A) that people watch reality TV to pass time.
B) that fictional TV shows are more appealing to people than reality TV shows.
C) that people do not enjoy the novelty aspect of reality TV shows.
D) that people do not enjoy the entertainment aspect of reality TV shows.

Question 71

_____ is a German word meaning "enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others."

A) Streudelfreude
B) Schadenfreude
C) Nachmittag
D) Gehirntumor

Question 72

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Cobeya, K. D., Buunka, A. P., Robert, S. C., et al. (2012). Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 395-401.
Effect of Hormone Level on Female Jealousy
The purpose of this study was to examine female jealously over the course of one's menstrual cycle. To that end, 29 females between the ages of 20 and 33 years were recruited from a reproductive health clinic via word of mouth. The women completed a jealousy scale via computer from their home on three separate occasions. The first occasion was when women were taking the birth control pill. After not having taken the pill for at least two months the women completed another two jealousy surveys, once during ovulation when they were fertile, and again when they were in the luteal cycle and not fertile. Fertility (and lack thereof) was determined by ultrasound. Of the 29 women who started the study, only 17 completed the study. The mean level of jealousy of the remaining 17 women at the time of each test was compared. The results indicated a statistically significant effect of time of survey on jealousy. Women, regardless of relationship status, were significantly less jealous when they were not fertile than when they were fertile.
(Scenario III) To conclude that jealousy is greater when women are fertile than when they are not fertile or when taking birth control pills, the researchers must have performed a(n):

A) t-test.
B) ANOVA.
C) post-hoc test.
D) chi square test.

Question 73

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yik, M., Widen, S. C. & Russell, J. A. (2013). The within-subjects design in the study of facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 1062-1072.
Influence of Facial Expressions on Emotion
In this study Yik, Widen, and Russell examined whether one's judgment of the emotion expressed by a face is influenced by the emotion on faces viewed previously. To that end, 344 participants were recruited from two university participant pools. The participants viewed 17 photographs of faces making seven different expressions. After viewing each face the participants labeled the emotion of the face using seven response alternatives (surprise, happy, fear, anger, sad, disgust, sick). This procedure was repeated nine times with the order of the faces varying from trial to trial. The study was designed so that the disgust face was preceded by angry expressions (anger, fear) or sad expressions (sad, sick). The results indicated that participants accurately identified the disgust face when it was preceded by angry expressions, but not when it was preceded by sad expressions. This study describes how order effects can introduce bias in within-subjects designs.
(Scenario II) Which order effect is illustrated in the study described in Scenario II?

A) practice effect
B) carryover effect
C) fatigue effect
D) all of the above

Question 74

In a 2003 study investigating reality-based television programming and its psychological appeal researchers found:

A) that viewers of reality TV were unaware that the cast members' behaviors were not authentic.
B) that viewers of reality TV were aware that the cast members' behaviors were not authentic.
C) that viewers did not gain pleasure from watching reality TV shows.
D) that viewers gained pleasured from watching reality TV shows because it showed others who were better off than themselves.

Question 75

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Cobeya, K. D., Buunka, A. P., Robert, S. C., et al. (2012). Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 395-401.
Effect of Hormone Level on Female Jealousy
The purpose of this study was to examine female jealously over the course of one's menstrual cycle. To that end, 29 females between the ages of 20 and 33 years were recruited from a reproductive health clinic via word of mouth. The women completed a jealousy scale via computer from their home on three separate occasions. The first occasion was when women were taking the birth control pill. After not having taken the pill for at least two months the women completed another two jealousy surveys, once during ovulation when they were fertile, and again when they were in the luteal cycle and not fertile. Fertility (and lack thereof) was determined by ultrasound. Of the 29 women who started the study, only 17 completed the study. The mean level of jealousy of the remaining 17 women at the time of each test was compared. The results indicated a statistically significant effect of time of survey on jealousy. Women, regardless of relationship status, were significantly less jealous when they were not fertile than when they were fertile.
(Scenario III) The researchers of the study described in Scenario III offered participants an iPhone or the equivalent in cash after they completed the study. Why do you think they did this?

A) to minimize attrition
B) to reduce maturation
C) to minimize testing effects
D) to reduce instrumentation

Question 76

In a 2006 study in which researchers looked at the role of envy in relation to the enjoyment of misfortune of others. Participants completed measures of envy and hostility following reading interviews. The first interview was with a male or female who is either an outstanding or average student and the second interview was with the student's supervisor who had either caught the student stealing or was informing the student that he or she must resubmit poorly written academic work. The results suggested:

A) participants experienced greater enjoyment of the individual's misfortune if the participant's gender matched the interviewee's gender.
B) participants experienced less enjoyment of the individual's misfortune if the participant's gender matched the interviewee's gender.
C) participants experienced less enjoyment of the individual's misfortune if the participant's age matched the interviewee's age.
D) participants experienced less enjoyment of the individual's misfortune if the participant's ethnicity matched the interviewee's ethnicity.

Question 77

According to researchers voyeurism refers to:

A) comparing yourself with others.
B) an indifference to others.
C) desire to see what one is not supposed to.
D) a lack of interest in what others are doing.

Question 78

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yik, M., Widen, S. C. & Russell, J. A. (2013). The within-subjects design in the study of facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 1062-1072.
Influence of Facial Expressions on Emotion
In this study Yik, Widen, and Russell examined whether one's judgment of the emotion expressed by a face is influenced by the emotion on faces viewed previously. To that end, 344 participants were recruited from two university participant pools. The participants viewed 17 photographs of faces making seven different expressions. After viewing each face the participants labeled the emotion of the face using seven response alternatives (surprise, happy, fear, anger, sad, disgust, sick). This procedure was repeated nine times with the order of the faces varying from trial to trial. The study was designed so that the disgust face was preceded by angry expressions (anger, fear) or sad expressions (sad, sick). The results indicated that participants accurately identified the disgust face when it was preceded by angry expressions, but not when it was preceded by sad expressions. This study describes how order effects can introduce bias in within-subjects designs.
(Scenario II) Suppose the researchers of the study described in Scenario II increased the number of trials from 9 to 99. What potential order effect would be more likely to occur?

A) practice effect
B) carryover effect
C) fatigue effect
D) all of the above

Question 79

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yik, M., Widen, S. C. & Russell, J. A. (2013). The within-subjects design in the study of facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 1062-1072.
Influence of Facial Expressions on Emotion
In this study Yik, Widen, and Russell examined whether one's judgment of the emotion expressed by a face is influenced by the emotion on faces viewed previously. To that end, 344 participants were recruited from two university participant pools. The participants viewed 17 photographs of faces making seven different expressions. After viewing each face the participants labeled the emotion of the face using seven response alternatives (surprise, happy, fear, anger, sad, disgust, sick). This procedure was repeated nine times with the order of the faces varying from trial to trial. The study was designed so that the disgust face was preceded by angry expressions (anger, fear) or sad expressions (sad, sick). The results indicated that participants accurately identified the disgust face when it was preceded by angry expressions, but not when it was preceded by sad expressions. This study describes how order effects can introduce bias in within-subjects designs.
(Scenario II) The study described in Scenario II uses undergraduate volunteers from a university participant pool. Which of the following is NOT true of participant pools?

A) They are usually more representative of students in general.
B) They typically receive course credit for participating in psychology research.
C) The volunteer bias is completely removed.
D) All of the above.

Question 80

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yik, M., Widen, S. C. & Russell, J. A. (2013). The within-subjects design in the study of facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 1062-1072.
Influence of Facial Expressions on Emotion
In this study Yik, Widen, and Russell examined whether one's judgment of the emotion expressed by a face is influenced by the emotion on faces viewed previously. To that end, 344 participants were recruited from two university participant pools. The participants viewed 17 photographs of faces making seven different expressions. After viewing each face the participants labeled the emotion of the face using seven response alternatives (surprise, happy, fear, anger, sad, disgust, sick). This procedure was repeated nine times with the order of the faces varying from trial to trial. The study was designed so that the disgust face was preceded by angry expressions (anger, fear) or sad expressions (sad, sick). The results indicated that participants accurately identified the disgust face when it was preceded by angry expressions, but not when it was preceded by sad expressions. This study describes how order effects can introduce bias in within-subjects designs.
(Scenario II) Which of the following may have been a confounding variable in the study described in Scenario II?

A) the order in which the faces were presented
B) collecting data from two independent universities
C) if the faces were familiar to the participants
D) if the same researcher ran each participant