Deck 7: Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

Question 1

Descriptive statistics almost always include:

A) the median and standard deviation.
B) R² and standard deviation.
C) the mean and standard deviation.
D) $\beta$ and standard deviation.

Answer 1

the mean and standard deviation.

Question 2

If the probability of your finding is greater than 10%, you are likely to conclude:

A) the finding is statistically significant.
B) the finding did not occur by chance.
C) the finding has no relationship to a similar study.
D) the finding is not statistically significant.

Answer 2

the finding is not statistically significant.

Question 3

A correlation with a value of 0 means:

A) the variables are strongly positively related.
B) the variables are strongly negatively related.
C) the variables are moderately related.
D) the variables are unrelated.

Answer 3

the variables are unrelated.

Question 4

A hypothesis that makes a specific prediction as to the exact nature of the relationship between two variables is called a:

A) directional hypothesis.
B) nondirectional hypothesis.
C) statistical hypothesis testing.
D) correlational testing.

Question 5

The degree to which individual measurements of a variable differ from one another is called:

A) consistency.
B) variability.
C) deviation.
D) reliability.

Question 6

If you wanted to determine if a scale is relevant to an outcome or behavior you would be interested in:

A) construct validity.
B) discriminate validity.
C) criterion validity.
D) predictive validity .

Question 7

A researcher discovered that items on a scale did not measure what they were intended to measure. The scale, therefore, has an issue with:

A) construct validity.
B) content validity.
C) predictive validity.
D) concurrent validity.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a closed-ended question?

A) How did you decide to attend this school?
B) What is your family like?
C) Are you male or female?
D) What makes someone a good friend?

Question 9

Equivalent-form reliability is another name for:

A) test-retest reliability.
B) alternative-form reliability.
C) internal consistency reliability.
D) Cronbach's alpha.

Question 10

If two variables are related and one variable increases as the other variable increases, it is likely to have:

A) negative correlation.
B) positive correlation.
C) no correlation.
D) no reliability.

Question 11

A scoring strategy in which more negative response alternatives are assigned higher numerical values and more positive response alternatives are assigned lower numerical values is called:

A) reverse-coding.
B) response set.
C) directional hypothesis.
D) internal consistency reliability.

Question 12

Reverse-coding minimizes the potential for a(n):

A) forced choice response set.
B) social desirability set.
C) demand response set.
D) acquiescent response set.

Question 13

Cronbach's alpha refers to:

A) the degree to which individual measurements of a variable differ from one another.
B) a statistic used to indicate how much, on average, an individual scores differs from the arithmetic means of the scores.
C) a statistic used to evaluate the internal consistency reliability of a scale.
D) the conclusion a researcher makes when the probability is that one's hypothesis is unlikely to be incorrect given the data collected.

Question 14

If two variables are related and one variable increases as the other variable decreases, they are likely to have:

A) negative correlation.
B) positive correlation.
C) no correlation.
D) no reliability.

Question 15

If you wanted to determine if the scale you are using relates to a relevant outcome measured at the same time then you would be interested in:

A) construct validity.
B) discriminate validity.
C) criterion validity.
D) concurrent validity.

Question 16

If you wanted to determine if the scale you are using relates to other measures of the variable then you would be interest in:

A) discriminant validity.
B) convergent validity.
C) concurrent validity.
D) construct validity.

Question 17

If the probability of your finding is less than 5%, you are likely to conclude:

A) the finding is statistically significant.
B) the finding is not statistically significant.
C) the finding has no relationship to a similar study.
D) the finding has occurred by chance.

Question 18

A Cronbach's alpha is represented by which symbol?

A) r
B) $\alpha$
C) $\beta$
D) $\pi$

Question 19

A quick method of finding out the degree of customer satisfaction at a local supermarket would be through the use of:

A) an essay.
B) a Likert scale.
C) an experimental study.
D) a quasi-experimental study.

Question 20

The statistic used to indicate how much, on average, an individual score differs from the arithmetic mean is known as the:

A) variability.
B) construct reliability.
C) coding.
D) standard deviation.

Question 21

It is extremely unlikely to get a _____ of 100%.

A) acquisition rate
B) response rate
C) demand rate
D) IRB approval

Question 22

Zofia was completing a survey in her literature course and agreed with every statement no matter her actual opinion on the item's content. This is an example of:

A) a forced choice set.
B) an error of central tendency.
C) a discriminant set.
D) an acquiescent response set.

Question 23

Patients at a local hospital were mailed feedback forms to provide information about their recent hospital experience. Approximately 20% of the patients mailed back the completed forms. The _____ was 20%/

A) the desirable rate
B) the demand rate
C) the response rate
D) the rate of acquisition

Question 24

Lakeisha is unsure if her scores on the SAT will be an important determining factor in her academic success in college. She decides to research the subject. She is looking for evidence of:

A) concurrent validity.
B) criterion validity.
C) predictive validity.
D) construct validity.

Question 25

Ebonie is interested in measuring levels of anxiety at the same time as a performance task. Ebonie is more concerned with increasing what type of validity in her study?

A) concurrent validity.
B) criterion validity.
C) predictive validity.
D) construct validity.

Question 26

A correlation coefficient is typically represented by:

A) R².
B) b.
C) r.
D) $\alpha$ .

Question 27

The best approach to examining associations and relationships between two variables is a(n):

A) experimental study.
B) summative evaluation.
C) correlational study.
D) formative evaluation.

Question 28

Annamarie is completing a test in her general psychology class and, based on the questions, she is pretty sure the test is measuring interest in risk taking. This would be an example of:

A) content validity.
B) face validity.
C) construct validity.
D) criterion validity.

Question 29

Colleen was asked about her political attitudes on a survey in her sociology class. She did not want to seem politically overzealous so she indicated moderate levels throughout the rating scale. This is referred to as:

A) an error of central tendency.
B) observer bias.
C) regression to the mean.
D) face validity.

Question 30

The values for Cronbach's alpha range from:

A) 0 to 1.0.
B) 1.0 to 2.0.
C) -1.0 to 1.0.
D) -2.0 to 2.0.

Question 31

A correlation refers to:

A) a form of reliability that evaluates how well a measure correlates with a similar, but different, measure of the same variable.
B) a measure of the linear relationships between two variables.
C) the degree to which individual items in a respective scale interrelate with one another.
D) the temporal stability of a measure at multiple sessions.

Question 32

A correlation can range from _____ to _____.

A) -1.0; 1.0
B) -2.0; 2.0
C) 0.0; 1.0
D) 0.0; 2.0

Question 33

Tambra needs to make sure that she has a representative sample for her master's thesis. She needs to ensure that her sample matches the national consensus data on gender and ethnicity for the local area. She needs 60% females and 45% White participants to appropriately represent these groups in her data. She is interested in what type of sampling procedure?

A) cluster sampling
B) area probability sampling
C) simple random sampling
D) stratified random sampling

Question 34

Internal consistency reliability refers to:

A) a form of reliability that evaluates how well a measure correlates with a similar, but different, measure of the same variable.
B) a measure of the linear relationships between two variables.
C) the degree to which individual items in a respective scale interrelate with one another.
D) the temporal stability of a measure at multiple sessions.

Question 35

Carmine is conducting a study examining intelligence and respect for others. She has read through the literature and these two variables do not theoretically overlap. She wants to make sure that the measures she is using to examine each variable do not correlate with each other. What type of validity is she concerned with?

A) face validity
B) content validity
C) convergent validity
D) discriminant validity

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of web-based surveys?

A) the automatic addition to spreadsheets
B) it's easy to request follow-up information in real-time
C) the use of typical spreadsheet format
D) mass participation

Question 37

A quantitative strategy in which data are systematically collected from groups or individuals is referred to as:

A) distractor items.
B) surveying.
C) response set.
D) demand characteristics.

Question 38

Test-retest reliability refers to:

A) a form of reliability that evaluates how well a measure correlates with a similar, but different, measure of the same variable.
B) a measure of the linear relationships between two variables.
C) the degree to which individual items in a respective scale interrelate with one another.
D) the temporal stability of a measure at multiple sessions.

Question 39

_____ ratings scales have participants evaluate a series of statements using a set of predetermined response options and can also be referred to as a Likert scale.

A) Summated
B) Forced choice
C) Formative
D) Response set

Question 40

Serina has decided to divide her research participants based on geographic area and then randomly sample from each respective geographic area. She is interested in what type of sampling procedure?

A) cluster sampling
B) area probability sampling
C) simple random sampling
D) stratified random sampling

Question 41

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Coriddi, M., Angelos, T., Nadeau, M., Bennett, M. & Taylor, A. (2013). Analysis of satisfaction and well-being in the short follow-up from breast augmentation using the BREAST-Q, a validated survey instrument. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 33 (2), 245-251.
Breast Augmentation Satisfaction
The authors of this study used the BREAST-Q survey to assess satisfaction following breast augmentation surgery. They administered the survey to 155 patients before and after they underwent breast augmentation surgery and found a significant increase in psychosocial well-being and sexual well-being. A significant positive relationship was also found between overall satisfaction and breast appearance (r = .80). Interestingly, there was a significant decrease in physical well-being following surgery. The results of the study suggest that breast augmentation has a positive effect on women.
(Scenario I) In Scenario I the authors state the relationship between overall satisfaction with breast augmentation surgery and satisfaction with breast appearance is r = .80. This means that:

A) the more satisfied women were with the appearance of their breasts, the more satisfied they were with their surgery experience.
B) there was a significant difference in overall satisfaction between women who reported satisfaction with their breast appearance and those who reported dissatisfaction with their breast appearance.
C) satisfaction with surgery experience is negatively related to satisfaction with breast appearance.
D) there is high internal-consistency validity between satisfaction with breast appearance and satisfaction with surgery experience.

Question 42

When developing a survey that must be quickly reviewed and scored, what type of questions should be asked and why?

Question 43

Define and give an example of a nondirectional hypothesis.

Question 44

An anxiety test is using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree). How would you reverse code this scale?

Question 45

What is the difference between criterion validity and predictive validity?

Question 46

What is the difference between convergent validity and discriminant validity?

Question 47

What is an error of central tendency?

Question 48

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Coriddi, M., Angelos, T., Nadeau, M., Bennett, M. & Taylor, A. (2013). Analysis of satisfaction and well-being in the short follow-up from breast augmentation using the BREAST-Q, a validated survey instrument. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 33 (2), 245-251.
Breast Augmentation Satisfaction
The authors of this study used the BREAST-Q survey to assess satisfaction following breast augmentation surgery. They administered the survey to 155 patients before and after they underwent breast augmentation surgery and found a significant increase in psychosocial well-being and sexual well-being. A significant positive relationship was also found between overall satisfaction and breast appearance (r = .80). Interestingly, there was a significant decrease in physical well-being following surgery. The results of the study suggest that breast augmentation has a positive effect on women.
(Scenario I) What is the best reason for why the authors probably selected the BREAST-Q to measure satisfaction associated with breast augmentation surgery?

A) satisfaction is not something easy to measure using observational methods
B) the researchers wanted to find a causal relationship between breast augmentation surgery and satisfaction
C) they were interested in obtaining information from just a few people
D) they wanted to assess satisfaction with breast augmentation surgery qualitatively

Question 49

What is a distractor item and why is it useful in surveys?

Question 50

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE). The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
(Scenario II) When developing the Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey the authors formatted items in a way to minimize the likelihood of participants providing a response set. This was done by:

A) keeping the response alternatives to each item consistent.
B) including reverse items in the final scale.
C) alternating between open-ended and close-ended questions.
D) creating all items with only forced-choice response options.

Question 51

What is the difference between construct validity and content validity?

Question 52

What type of scale is likely to get an acquiescent response set from a participant?

Question 53

What is a correlational study and what are two variables that would be positively correlated?

Question 54

What is the difference between variability and standard deviation?

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Coriddi, M., Angelos, T., Nadeau, M., Bennett, M. & Taylor, A. (2013). Analysis of satisfaction and well-being in the short follow-up from breast augmentation using the BREAST-Q, a validated survey instrument. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 33 (2), 245-251.
Breast Augmentation Satisfaction
The authors of this study used the BREAST-Q survey to assess satisfaction following breast augmentation surgery. They administered the survey to 155 patients before and after they underwent breast augmentation surgery and found a significant increase in psychosocial well-being and sexual well-being. A significant positive relationship was also found between overall satisfaction and breast appearance (r = .80). Interestingly, there was a significant decrease in physical well-being following surgery. The results of the study suggest that breast augmentation has a positive effect on women.
(Scenario I) In Scenario II, the statistic used to measure the relationship between overall satisfaction and breast appearance is the:

A) t-test.
B) ANOVA.
C) chi square.
D) correlation.

Question 56

What would be an example of a forced choice scale?

Question 57

What is a double-barreled item?

Question 58

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Coriddi, M., Angelos, T., Nadeau, M., Bennett, M. & Taylor, A. (2013). Analysis of satisfaction and well-being in the short follow-up from breast augmentation using the BREAST-Q, a validated survey instrument. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 33 (2), 245-251.
Breast Augmentation Satisfaction
The authors of this study used the BREAST-Q survey to assess satisfaction following breast augmentation surgery. They administered the survey to 155 patients before and after they underwent breast augmentation surgery and found a significant increase in psychosocial well-being and sexual well-being. A significant positive relationship was also found between overall satisfaction and breast appearance (r = .80). Interestingly, there was a significant decrease in physical well-being following surgery. The results of the study suggest that breast augmentation has a positive effect on women.
(Scenario I) Suppose the participants surveyed in Scenario I were asked to respond to survey items using a 5-point scale in which 1 = very satisfied and 5 = very dissatisfied. While of the following does NOT describe this type of scale?

A) summated ratings scale
B) closed-ended scale
C) Likert scale
D) open-ended scale

Question 59

What is the difference between test-retest reliability and alternative-form reliability?

Question 60

Define and give an example of a directional hypothesis.

Question 61

Meagan was told to systematically collect information from a group of high school students to determine high school students' proclivities toward politics. Her best approach to this data collection would be:

A) survey.
B) interview.
C) qualitative.
D) teacher-report.

Question 62

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE). The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
(Scenario II) Suppose the authors of the Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey stated it had strong convergent validity. The evidence to support this statement would likely include data showing:

A) their survey included a wide range of elements related to physical education.
B) a positive correlation between kids' attitudes on this instrument and kids' attitudes on a similar instrument.
C) the survey does not correspond to measures of other unrelated variables.
D) All of the above.

Question 63

According to a well-known 1995 study examining social relationships, we human beings have a fundamental need to:

A) find personal identity.
B) associate with others.
C) seek self-assured friends.
D) discover differences in others.

Question 64

The results from a study that examined self-concept clarity and self-esteem indicated that participants had less consistency and stability in their self-descriptions over time. This would suggest that assessment of this variable would present issues with:

A) content validity.
B) internal consistency reliability.
C) test-retest reliability.
D) alternative forms reliability.

Question 65

You are able to do all of the following with a correlational study, EXCEPT:

A) evaluate whether changes in one variable correspond with changes in another variable.
B) determine a positive or negative direction.
C) conclude cause-and-effect.
D) explore relationship between two variables.

Question 66

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE). The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
(Scenario II) After piloting the survey described in Scenario II, the authors found that many children responded by always using the endpoints in the provided set of response alternatives. The participants seem to be exhibiting which response bias?

A) the acquiescent response set
B) the error of central tendency
C) participant judgment bias
D) random response bias

Question 67

One study examined differences in women who wanted to join sororities and women who did not want to join. Those women who wanted to rush a sorority tended to have a higher need to be the center of attention, but surprisingly did not have a higher need for:

A) social self-esteem.
B) affiliation.
C) academic success.
D) exhibitionism.

Question 68

Reta wants to examine the association between self-esteem and perceived popularity. The best research approach to answer this question would be:

A) an experimental design.
B) a quasi-experimental design.
C) active deception.
D) a correlational design.

Question 69

Corlita is interested in the relationship between Internet gaming and the quality of romantic relationships. The best research approach to examine this research question would be:

A) a correlational design.
B) a quasi-experimental design.
C) active deception.
D) an experimental design.

Question 70

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE). The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
(Scenario II) One of the items included in the scale administered during the pilot study described in Scenario II was "After PE I feel physically tired and mentally tired." This item was later changed, most likely because:

A) it was double-barreled.
B) "physically tired" and "mentally tired" are jargon phrases.
C) the reading level is too high for a fourth- and fifth-grade sample.
D) All of the above.

Question 71

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor and Statistics (2014). American Time Use Survey Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus/
American Time Use
The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) is a telephone survey developed by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) to examine how U.S. citizens spend their time in a variety of domains, such as leisure activities, volunteer activities, and work. Data are collected via computer-assisted telephone interview. The ATUS has been administered annually since 2003. The major component of the ATUS is the 24-hour time use survey. Respondents are asked to indicate what activities they engaged in, and for how long, during a 24-hour period. The results of the survey are made public on the BLS website and are used widely by researchers in a variety of disciplines. Response rates vary, with survey data obtained from 28,729 individuals in 2003 (response rate 57.8 %), and 25,487 individuals in 2014 (response rate 51.0%).
(Scenario III) Suppose a group of researchers found a strong positive correlation between the 2013 and 2014 results of the ATUS. This information would support the _____ reliability of the ATUS.

A) alternative-form
B) internal consistency
C) test-retest
D) construct

Question 72

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor and Statistics (2014). American Time Use Survey Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus/
American Time Use
The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) is a telephone survey developed by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) to examine how U.S. citizens spend their time in a variety of domains, such as leisure activities, volunteer activities, and work. Data are collected via computer-assisted telephone interview. The ATUS has been administered annually since 2003. The major component of the ATUS is the 24-hour time use survey. Respondents are asked to indicate what activities they engaged in, and for how long, during a 24-hour period. The results of the survey are made public on the BLS website and are used widely by researchers in a variety of disciplines. Response rates vary, with survey data obtained from 28,729 individuals in 2003 (response rate 57.8 %), and 25,487 individuals in 2014 (response rate 51.0%).
(Scenario III) Suppose a psychologist used the ATUS to test whether volunteerism is related to education level. The psychologist predicted that those with more education would report spending more time volunteering. The psychologist made a _____ hypothesis.

A) predictive
B) correlational
C) directional
D) nondirectional

Question 73

According to a study that examined variables related to the self, self-concept clarity refers to:

A) quick judgments of personality traits.
B) the ability to associate characteristics of self to others.
C) higher levels of self-esteem and self-image.
D) how clearly and confidently people describe their sense of self.

Question 74

In a study investigating differences in first-time students in college who joined Greek life and those who did not, it was found that first-time college students who joined Greek organizations scored higher in:

A) introversion.
B) self-esteem.
C) social deficits.
D) extraversion.

Question 75

Students who joined Greek organizations as first-time college students were more likely to engage in:

A) substance use.
B) sports.
C) multiple relationships.
D) self-harm behaviors.

Question 76

Shaunta has a strong belief that she can achieve any academic outcome she sets her mind to. She is displaying a high level of:

A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-concept.
D) academic performance.

Question 77

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor and Statistics (2014). American Time Use Survey Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus/
American Time Use
The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) is a telephone survey developed by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) to examine how U.S. citizens spend their time in a variety of domains, such as leisure activities, volunteer activities, and work. Data are collected via computer-assisted telephone interview. The ATUS has been administered annually since 2003. The major component of the ATUS is the 24-hour time use survey. Respondents are asked to indicate what activities they engaged in, and for how long, during a 24-hour period. The results of the survey are made public on the BLS website and are used widely by researchers in a variety of disciplines. Response rates vary, with survey data obtained from 28,729 individuals in 2003 (response rate 57.8 %), and 25,487 individuals in 2014 (response rate 51.0%).
(Scenario III) Based on the information provided in Scenario III, which statement are you more likely to agree with?

A) For survey research to be credible, a response rate closer to 100% is required.
B) This response rate is common and acceptable for survey research.
C) The BLS probably didn't provide enough of an incentive for participation.
D) More responses would have been obtained had the BLS conducted face-to-face interviews.

Question 78

A study assessing the role of self-concept clarity in relationships found that self-concept clarity is related to the:

A) quantity of romantic relationships.
B) gender of romantic relationships.
C) quality of romantic relationships.
D) duration of romantic relationships.

Question 79

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor and Statistics (2014). American Time Use Survey Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus/
American Time Use
The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) is a telephone survey developed by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) to examine how U.S. citizens spend their time in a variety of domains, such as leisure activities, volunteer activities, and work. Data are collected via computer-assisted telephone interview. The ATUS has been administered annually since 2003. The major component of the ATUS is the 24-hour time use survey. Respondents are asked to indicate what activities they engaged in, and for how long, during a 24-hour period. The results of the survey are made public on the BLS website and are used widely by researchers in a variety of disciplines. Response rates vary, with survey data obtained from 28,729 individuals in 2003 (response rate 57.8 %), and 25,487 individuals in 2014 (response rate 51.0%).
(Scenario III) A psychologist used the 2014 ATUS data described in Scenario III to examine time spent working and time engaged in leisure activities. Based on your knowledge of survey research, which result is most appropriate for this study?

A) Individuals who work more spend significantly less time engaging in leisure activities. This suggests that working more causes one to have less time for leisure.
B) In an experiment examining the effect of work on leisure time, it was found that work negatively correlated with leisure time. This suggests that the more one works, the less one is able to engage in leisure activities.
C) There was a statistically significant negative relation between the amount of time one spends at work and the amount of time one spends on leisure activities. This suggests that the more one works, the less likely one is to have time for leisure.
D) There was a statistically significant positive relation between the amount of time one spends at work and the amount of time one spends on leisure activities. This suggests that the more one works, the less likely one is to have time for leisure.

Question 80

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Phillips, S. R. & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an instrument to assess fourth and fifth
grade students' attitudes toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327.
Physical Education Attitude
This study describes the development of a survey to assess the attitudes of children toward physical education (PE). The authors describe three phases in the survey development. In phase 1 they discuss item construction. The authors began by using an existing 20-item survey to assess attitudes toward PE. Responses to each item range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, with eight of the 20 items being negatively written. They then added eight items to this survey based on feedback from students with regard to their likes and dislikes about PE. In phase 2 the authors conducted a pilot study during which they administered the preliminary revised survey. For the pilot study the survey was administered to 493 children. The researchers then assessed the content validity of the survey items by having blinded reviewers categorize the items into six factors. This resulted in modifying the survey such that the final instrument contained 16 items. In phase 3 the authors describe the statistical analyses used to evaluate the 16-item survey's reliability and validity. The authors used Cronbach's alpha to determine the instrument's content validity. Values for each item ranged between .41 and .78. The authors conclude that the 16-item Student Attitude Toward Physical Education Survey is a valid and reliable assessment of children's attitudes toward PE.
(Scenario II) What is a reason for why Phillips and Silverman conducted a pilot study in Scenario II?

A) They want to know if it will be a good tool to use.
B) They want to know if there are any confusing items.
C) They wanted to assess the reliability and validity of the survey.
D) All of the above.