Deck 2: The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

Question 1

The _____ is the potential outcome variable in a nonexperimental design.

A) predictor variable
B) criterion variable
C) independent variable
D) dependent variable

Answer 1

criterion variable

Question 2

The process of peer review is aimed at:

A) making psychological findings more accessible to the general public.
B) only publishing studies that prove scientific facts.
C) minimizing bias among scientists' collective of knowledge.
D) acknowledging the most preeminent scientists for their lifetime of achievements to their respective fields.

Answer 2

minimizing bias among scientists' collective of knowledge.

Question 3

A(n) _____ is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world confirmed through repeated observation and experimentation.

A) observational definition
B) hypothesis
C) conceptual definition
D) theory

Answer 3

theory

Question 4

A research protocol is:

A) a detailed series of steps that lets the researcher know the order in which to administer the study.
B) an explanation of the purpose of the study and disclosure of any deception used.
C) an explanation of the risks and benefits of participating in the study.
D) a list of participants' identification numbers that includes group assignment and any notes regarding participants' experiences.

Question 5

An educated prediction that provides a testable explanation of a phenomenon is a(n):

A) theory.
B) hypothesis.
C) law.
D) observational definition.

Question 6

In a study examining the impact of music on buying behavior, the independent variable is the type of:

A) buying behavior.
B) consumer.
C) product being purchased.
D) music.

Question 7

Tomas recently joined a gym and has noticed that all of the men tend to wear similar workout apparel. This led him to think about why he wears certain clothes to exercise. Based on self-reflection he hypothesizes that there is an unspoken social norm that guides clothing selection for the gym. What strategy is Tomas using for developing a good hypothesis?

A) change in directionality
B) the exception to the rule
C) introspection
D) a matter of degree

Question 8

Peer-review allows psychologists to be sure that the information shared in journal articles is:

A) unbiased and validated.
B) unbiased and invalidated.
C) bias and validated.
D) bias and invalidated.

Question 9

Which of the following would a researcher most likely use to get peer-reviewed information on a psychological topic?

A) PsycARTICLES
B) books
C) news articles
D) websites

Question 10

_____ defines how variables will be used in a study, whereas _____ defines a variable in theoretical terms.

A) Conceptual definition; operational definition
B) Conceptual definition; experimental design
C) Operational definition; conceptual definition
D) Operational definition; experimental design

Question 11

Miguel is using his scientific knowledge to examine events in his own life. He hypothesizes that mouthwash that stings does a better job preventing cavities than mouthwash that does not sting. If he assigns 10 people to use the mouthwash that stings for 6 months and another 10 people to use the mouthwash that doesn't sting for 6 months, then he is conducting a:

A) between-subjects study.
B) nonexperimental study.
C) within-subjects study.
D) longitudinal study.

Question 12

Vladimir's advisor suggests that he reword his hypothesis so that it is more simple, straightforward, and concise. The advisor feedback is aimed at ensuring Vladimir's hypothesis is:

A) specific.
B) grounded in previous research.
C) falsifiable.
D) parsimonious.

Question 13

Carmine is attending her first research conference and wants to present her work in a manner that will visually display her efforts for many attendees to see. She will most likely give a:

A) paper presentation.
B) research talk.
C) poster presentation.
D) symposium.

Question 14

The dependent variable is the variable that:

A) is measured by the experimenter.
B) is manipulated by the experimenter.
C) is the causal variable in a nonexperimental design.
D) is the outcome variable in a nonexperimental design.

Question 15

Jamal should use an interview if he is interested in obtaining:

A) a cause-and-effect relationship.
B) verbal responses and explanations to structured questions.
C) written responses and ratings to many questions.
D) self-report assessments of psychological states.

Question 16

Each of the following demonstrate the Barnum effect, EXCEPT:

A) horoscopes.
B) fortune cookies.
C) tarot cards.
D) the NEO (Neuroticism Extraversion Openness) Personality Inventory.

Question 17

If you assess a participant multiple times, you are conducting a:

A) between-subjects design.
B) within-subjects design.
C) nonexperimetnal design.
D) survey.

Question 18

Which of the following is critical to ensuring that participants do not feel coerced into participating in a study?

A) debriefing
B) research protocol
C) script
D) informed consent

Question 19

When researchers say a hypothesis is falsifiable they mean it:

A) is not true.
B) has been proven to be true.
C) can be disproved.
D) can be proved.

Question 20

A factor that does not change and remains consistent throughout a study is called a:

A) variable.
B) constant.
C) conceptual definition.
D) operational definition.

Question 21

The predictor variable is the:

A) variable that the experimenter manipulates.
B) variable that an experimenter measures.
C) outcome variable in a nonexperimental design.
D) potential causal variable in a nonexperimental design.

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of empirical research?

A) determining whether Cupid causes people to fall in love
B) measuring how quickly the Sandman causes children to fall asleep
C) investigating whether the Easter Bunny is more likely to leave pink or blue eggs
D) assessing whether water consumption leads to clearer skin

Question 23

For which of the following would a researcher need to use a nonexperimental design?

A) to measure the impact of studying on academic performance
B) to assess the impact of beta-carotene on eyesight
C) to examine the effect of Tylenol on headache duration
D) to study the consequences of losing a loved one

Question 24

May believes that wearing perfume makes women feel more attractive. In order to investigate this, she assigns 25 women to wear perfume and 25 women not to wear perfume. At the end of the study period, she has participants self-report their level of attractiveness. What type of study design is May using?

A) within-subjects
B) between subjects
C) longitudinal
D) nonexperimental

Question 25

Esmerelda is trying to explain to her mother how research articles published in academic journals differ from books. Which of the following summarizes a primary difference between the two?

A) Books are objective.
B) Books are peer-reviewed.
C) Research articles are subjective.
D) Research articles are peer-reviewed.

Question 26

Empirical research relies on:

A) systematic observation.
B) intuition.
C) anecdotal evidence.
D) introspection.

Question 27

Between-subjects is to once as:

A) within-subjects is to none.
B) within-subjects is to multiple.
C) longitudinal is to one.
D) longitudinal is to none.

Question 28

Ursula just finished a Facebook quiz that revealed which celebrity her personality most closely resembled. After taking the quiz she was impressed with how accurate and insightful her results were. Given the unscientific nature of most online quizzes, her feelings are probably the result of:

A) the Barnum effect.
B) the Bailey effect.
C) Occam's razor.
D) scientific law.

Question 29

Bethany is a developmental psychologist who believes that eating dinner together as a family each night is related to increased academic performance in school. To assess this, she measures how often her participants have a family dinner and their overall grade at the end of the academic year. In Bethany's study, _____ is the independent variable, whereas _____ is the dependent variable.

A) number of family dinners; academic performance
B) number of children in a family; academic performance
C) academic performance; number of family dinners
D) academic performance; number of children in a family

Question 30

The researcher _____ the _____ variable.

A) varies; dependent
B) varies; independent
C) holds constant; dependent
D) holds constant; independent

Question 31

A(n) _____ is a statement based on repeated experimental observation that describes some aspect of the world.

A) observational definition
B) hypothesis
C) scientific law
D) conceptual definition

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

A) being specific
B) being grounded in previous research
C) being elaborate
D) being falsifiable

Question 33

In an experiment the researcher is examining:

A) cause and effect.
B) naturally occurring relationships.
C) a person's thoughts and beliefs.
D) the predictor variable.

Question 34

Articles that successfully complete the peer-review process are those that:

A) ask sound questions, use suitable methods, and then draw bias conclusions.
B) ask sound questions, use suitable methods, and then draw appropriate conclusions.
C) ask subjective questions, use suitable methods, and then draw bias conclusions.
D) ask subjective questions, use suitable methods, and then draw appropriate conclusions.

Question 35

A benefit of peer-reviewed journal articles is that they are _____, whereas a disadvantage is that they are _____.

A) readily accessible to mainstream audiences; not empirically sound
B) readily accessible to mainstream audiences; empirically sound
C) empirically sound; readily accessible to mainstream audiences
D) empirically sound; not readily accessible to mainstream audiences

Question 36

An element that the experimenter expects to change is known as a:

A) variable.
B) constant.
C) conceptual definition.
D) operational definition.

Question 37

Informed consent is:

A) a detailed series of steps that lets the researcher know the order in which to administer the study.
B) the explanation of the purpose of the study and disclosure of any deception used.
C) an explanation of the risks and benefits of participating in the study.
D) a list of participants' identification numbers that includes group assignment and any notes regarding participants' experiences.

Question 38

_____ is a part of the standard ethical procedures at the end of a research study that contains an explanation of the purpose of the study and disclosure of deception.

A) The research protocol
B) Debriefing
C) Informed consent
D) Random assignment

Question 39

The definition of a variable in theoretical terms as it relates to the study is the:

A) script.
B) constant.
C) conceptual definition.
D) operational definition.

Question 40

PsycINFO is a:

A) website that publishes educational blogs.
B) pop culture website referencing psychological findings.
C) database housing peer-reviewed journal articles.
D) book of the standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.

Question 41

Identify one time in your own life where you fell victim to the Barnum Effect.

Question 42

Riya would like to empirically test whether there is a heaven. Explain why this would NOT be a good research question.

Question 43

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Tiggemann, M. & Zaccardo, M. (2015). "Exercise to be fit, not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image. Body Image, 15, 61-67.
Fitspiration and Body Image Study
Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs. A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions. In the "fitspiration" condition, participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness. These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions. Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape. Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem. In addition, each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo.
(Scenario II) Who was most likely involved in the peer-review process of this paper that resulted in its publication?

A) the dean of research at the university where Tiggemann and Zaccardo work
B) the Body Image journal editorial board
C) an anonymous group of researchers whose expertise is similar to that of Tiggemann and Zaccardo
D) a group of individuals selected by Tiggemann and Zaccardo

Question 44

Explain how a theory is different from a hypothesis.

Question 45

Why do psychologists deal mainly in numbers?

Question 46

Why don't researchers say "prove" when discussing their significant results?

Question 47

Marcy is a developmental psychologist interested in examining whether the number of presents a child receives for his/her birthday is related to how much the child misbehaves. Her hypothesis is that a children spoiled by too many presents will be more likely to act out negatively. If she designs an experimental study, what would be her independent variable and her dependent variable?

Question 48

Why might a researcher choose to use a nonexperimental design?

Question 49

Carico wants to understand whether owning a sports car leads to reckless driving. Should he use an experimental or nonexperimental research design to investigate his research question?

Question 50

Preston hypothesizes that although children are unaware of it, they secretly harbor feelings of jealousy toward their parents. He conducts a research study examining children's self-reported jealousy toward each of their parents. Just as he expected, results of the children's self-report measures reveal no explicit jealousy toward their parents. Identify what is wrong with Preston's research hypothesis and detail why it is unsuitable for empirical investigation.

Question 51

List and describe two ways to generate a good research hypothesis.

Question 52

Explain why literature searches using general search engines like Google and Bing are poor foundations for scientific investigations.

Question 53

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Swee, G. & Schirmer, A. (2014). On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance. The Journal of Pain, 16(4), 326-334.
Vocalization and Pain Tolerance
Swee and Schirmer (2014) examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults. Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions. During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button, or did nothing. The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath. The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions.
(Scenario I) Suppose the researchers still measured the effect of all five treatments on pain tolerance, but each participant was only measured under one treatment condition. In making this adjustment the research design would change from a _____________ design to a _____________ design.

A) between subjects; within subjects
B) within subjects; longitudinal
C) longitudinal; between subjects
D) within subjects; between subjects

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Swee, G. & Schirmer, A. (2014). On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance. The Journal of Pain, 16(4), 326-334.
Vocalization and Pain Tolerance
Swee and Schirmer (2014) examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults. Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions. During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button, or did nothing. The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath. The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions.
(Scenario I) Which of the following is the best conclusion of this study?

A) The results suggest that pain tolerance can be affected behaviorally, particularly by vocalizing one's discomfort.
B) These data prove that vocalizing one's discomfort to a painful stimulus will increase their pain tolerance.
C) The results of the study show that people who vocalize their discomfort have a greater tolerance for pain.
D) All of these conclusions are equally acceptable.

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Swee, G. & Schirmer, A. (2014). On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance. The Journal of Pain, 16(4), 326-334.
Vocalization and Pain Tolerance
Swee and Schirmer (2014) examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults. Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions. During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button, or did nothing. The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath. The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions.
(Scenario I) What is the independent variable in Scenario I?

A) intervention
B) pain tolerance
C) saying "ow"
D) how long a participant kept their hand in the ice bath

Question 56

Why should individuals attend research conferences?

Question 57

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Swee, G. & Schirmer, A. (2014). On the importance of being vocal: saying ''ow'' improves pain tolerance. The Journal of Pain, 16(4), 326-334.
Vocalization and Pain Tolerance
Swee and Schirmer (2014) examined the effect of behavioral interventions on pain tolerance in adults. Participants submerged their nondominant hand in an ice bath on five different occasions. During each occasion they either said "ow," heard a recording of them saying "ow," heard a recording of someone else saying "ow," pressed a button, or did nothing. The researchers hypothesized that what participants did while their hand was in the ice bath would increase how long they kept their hand in the ice bath. The results of the study showed that when participants said "ow" they were able to keep their hand in the ice bath significantly longer than during any of the other treatment conditions.
(Scenario I) In Scenario I pain tolerance is operationally defined as:

A) the participants' ability to withstand a painful stimulus.
B) how long the participants kept their hand in the ice bath.
C) when the participants said "ow."
D) whether participants' behavior changed across trials.

Question 58

When conducting a literature review, Carlita discovers conflicting information. How might she use this perplexing knowledge to further explore the phenomenon?

Question 59

List and describe two characteristics of a good hypothesis.

Question 60

Martin wants to understand how academic performance may change as a student transitions from middle school to high school. How would he investigate this using a within-subjects research design?

Question 61

Which of the following could be examined using empirical research?

A) Bigfoot
B) the Loch Ness Monster
C) vampires
D) great white sharks

Question 62

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pretz, J. E. & Kaufman, J. C. (2015). Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior, 49(2), 1-15.
Creativity and College Admissions Study
Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students. The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale. Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores. The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status, and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status. The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative, and that regardless of one's level of creativity, all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college.
(Scenario III) The type of research design in Scenario III is best described as:

A) experimental.
B) longitudinal.
C) nonexperimental.
D) within-subject.

Question 63

What is the best way for a researcher to empirically investigate a psychological phenomenon?

A) nonscientifically
B) using observable behaviors to make assumptions about underlying psychological states
C) by asking participants' friends and family for their opinions
D) by having participants complete self-report measures

Question 64

How does a researcher know if he/she has picked a good research question?

A) It interests him/her.
B) It is culturally relevant.
C) Others are also investigating the same phenomenon.
D) No one is investigating that topic.

Question 65

One benefit of attending a research conference is that data presented at conferences are most likely from studies conducted in the past few:

A) months.
B) years.
C) decades.
D) centuries.

Question 66

In peer review, who evaluates a psychologist's work?

A) other psychologists who are experts within that area of study
B) medical doctors
C) the Internal Review Board (IRB)
D) the researcher's collaborators

Question 67

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pretz, J. E. & Kaufman, J. C. (2015). Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior, 49(2), 1-15.
Creativity and College Admissions Study
Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students. The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale. Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores. The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status, and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status. The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative, and that regardless of one's level of creativity, all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college.
(Scenario III) Brad is very creative, and after reading the conclusion of the study described in Scenario III, he realizes it describes him perfectly. Coincidentally, Angie (who is not creative at all) also considers the conclusion to accurately describe her. According to your text, the fact that both Brad and Angie feel this way can be attributed to:

A) the Barnum effect.
B) Occam's razor.
C) the butterfly effect.
D) social desirability.

Question 68

During a meeting, your research advisor says, "Remember, you don't have to reinvent the wheel." His use of this axiom is most likely referring to the importance of _____ in developing your hypothesis.

A) personal experience
B) introspection
C) anecdotal evidence
D) the literature search

Question 69

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Tiggemann, M. & Zaccardo, M. (2015). "Exercise to be fit, not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image. Body Image, 15, 61-67.
Fitspiration and Body Image Study
Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs. A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions. In the "fitspiration" condition, participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness. These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions. Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape. Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem. In addition, each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo.
(Scenario II) In Scenario II, how many levels did the independent variable have?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 70

Savannah is a psychologist interested in finding empirically verified information to guide the development of her research hypothesis. Which of the following should she use?

A) an Internet search engine
B) peer-reviewed journal articles
C) nonfiction books
D) personal websites and blogs

Question 71

Why are most philosophical questions poorly suited for empirical investigation?

A) Philosophy is not an important discipline.
B) Most philosophical questions cannot be objectively measured.
C) Empirical investigations can only test unobservable behaviors.
D) Philosophy is inherently unscientific and thus does not necessitate investigation.

Question 72

Of the following, which comes first in the research process?

A) recruit participants
B) analyze data
C) conduct a literature review
D) draw conclusions

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT an example of empirical research?

A) examining IQ using a standardized test
B) measuring passionate love using a self-report measure
C) investigating gender differences in athleticism
D) assessing whether someone has behaved well enough to get into heaven

Question 74

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Tiggemann, M. & Zaccardo, M. (2015). "Exercise to be fit, not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image. Body Image, 15, 61-67.
Fitspiration and Body Image Study
Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs. A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions. In the "fitspiration" condition, participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness. These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions. Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape. Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem. In addition, each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo.
(Scenario II) Suppose Tiggemann came up with the hypothesis for this study after she spent an afternoon perusing "fitness" on Pinterest and became depressed. Of the four hypothesis-generating strategies described in your text, which did she appear to use?

A) introspection
B) exception to the rule
C) matter of degree
D) change the directionality

Question 75

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Tiggemann, M. & Zaccardo, M. (2015). "Exercise to be fit, not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image. Body Image, 15, 61-67.
Fitspiration and Body Image Study
Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs. A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions. In the "fitspiration" condition, participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness. These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions. Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape. Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem. In addition, each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo.
(Scenario II) The authors of Scenario II concluded that "These results suggest that while the intent of fitness photos is to inspire, they actually produce a negative body image and promote self-hate." What's the most likely explanation for why they didn't use the word prove instead of suggest?

A) They recognized that their methodology was flawed, and as such could not make a statement of absolute causation.
B) They understand that statistical tests provide probabilistic conclusions about the relationships between our variables of interest and not absolute truths.
C) The design of their study is qualitative, and qualitative studies are inherently imprecise.
D) Not all of the participants in the fitspiration condition reported more body-dissatisfaction.

Question 76

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Tiggemann, M. & Zaccardo, M. (2015). "Exercise to be fit, not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image. Body Image, 15, 61-67.
Fitspiration and Body Image Study
Tiggemann and Zaccardo examined the effect of photographic images on a variety of psychological constructs. A total of 130 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions. In the "fitspiration" condition, participants were presented images designed to inspire fitness. These images included men and women wearing fitness clothing and participating in physical activity with fitness-inspiring captions. Participants in the control condition were presented images of exotic destinations with descriptive captions of the landscape. Following the presentation of the images all participants completed surveys to assess mood, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem. In addition, each participant also reported how inspired they felt from each photo.
(Scenario II) At the end of the study, Tiggemann and Zaccardo explained to the participants that they had expected those who saw fitspiration photos to express more body dissatisfaction than those who saw photos of exotic landscapes. In research, this is referred to as:

A) informed consent.
B) summarizing.
C) postexperimental probing.
D) debriefing.

Question 77

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pretz, J. E. & Kaufman, J. C. (2015). Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior, 49(2), 1-15.
Creativity and College Admissions Study
Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students. The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale. Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores. The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status, and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status. The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative, and that regardless of one's level of creativity, all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college.
(Scenario III) In this study, creativity is a/an:

A) independent variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) predictor variable.
D) criterion variable.

Question 78

What do sociology, geology, and psychology have in common?

A) All three use the scientific method.
B) All three study how humans think, feel, and behave.
C) All three focus on unanswerable questions.
D) All three are based on subjective reasoning.

Question 79

The scientific method relies on:

A) personal experience to inform theory.
B) making observations to answer questions.
C) anecdotal evidence to answer questions.
D) intuition as evidence.

Question 80

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pretz, J. E. & Kaufman, J. C. (2015). Do traditional admissions criteria reflect applicant creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior, 49(2), 1-15.
Creativity and College Admissions Study
Pretz and Kaufman examined the relationship between creativity and college admissions status in 610 undergraduate students. The volunteers' creativity was assessed using a 3three-item creative self-efficacy scale and the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale. Creativity was examined in relation to each student's high school rank and college standardized test scores. The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between creativity and college admissions status, and that very high levels of creativity were often associated with less favorable admission status. The authors conclude that some students admitted into college are very creative while others are not particularly creative, and that regardless of one's level of creativity, all college students have a level of intelligence greater than those not admitted to college.
Sarah is an undergraduate research assistant who was in charge of obtaining informed consent from the undergraduates who participated in this study. Sarah was involved in which step associated with hypothesis testing?

A) identifying key variables
B) choosing a research design
C) conducting the study
D) communicating the findings