Deck 3: Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research

Question 1

Autonomy is crucial to which principle?

A) beneficence
B) respect
C) informed consent
D) justice

Answer 1

respect

Question 2

The commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research is known as:

A) beneficence.
B) justice.
C) respect.
D) integrity.

Answer 2

integrity.

Question 3

With regard to psychological research, the goal of justice is met by:

A) ensuring the autonomy of participants.
B) ensuring equality in the distribution of costs and benefits.
C) doing as much good as possible.
D) minimizing as much risk as possible.

Answer 3

ensuring equality in the distribution of costs and benefits.

Question 4

Which is the correct order of classification for levels of IRB review, starting with the LEAST risk?

A) exempt, expedited, full review
B) expedited, full review, exempt
C) full review, exempt, expedited
D) exempt, full review, expedited

Question 5

Who governs the care of animals used in research?

A) Institutional Review Board
B) Internal Revenue Board
C) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
D) Internal Animal Care and Use Committee

Question 6

Roberto believes that for an act to be truly ethical, he must forgo any form of personal benefit from performing that act. Roberto's belief is in line with:

A) the utilitarian perspective.
B) egoism.
C) the file drawer problem.
D) the altruistic perspective.

Question 7

The report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving humans is called the _____ Report.

A) Kentucky
B) Oaks
C) Preakness
D) Belmont

Question 8

Research proposals submitted to the IRB require each of the following, EXCEPT:

A) benefits and risks of the study.
B) procedures.
C) copies of forms and questionnaires.
D) debriefing.

Question 9

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people is called:

A) the altruistic perspective.
B) egoism.
C) the utilitarian perspective.
D) beneficence.

Question 10

The informed consent form must include all of the following, EXCEPT:

A) the researchers name and contact information.
B) a place for the participants' signature or consent to participate.
C) a description of the general purpose and nature of the study.
D) the requirement that participants answer all questions in order to receive compensation for participation.

Question 11

In a research study deception is:

A) not allowed under any circumstances.
B) encouraged in order to get participants to respond naturally to stimuli.
C) allowed, but only used to the extent that its benefits outweigh its costs.
D) inevitable.

Question 12

Vito is preparing to conduct his first research study. Unfortunately, he is unsure whether he should plan to include a debriefing. When he asks his research advisor, she is likely to tell him that debriefing is:

A) always required.
B) never required.
C) required when there is deception.
D) required when there is minimal risk.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of the American Psychological Association's general principles for ethical research?

A) freedom
B) respect
C) fidelity
D) integrity

Question 14

Why might researchers fail to disclose the study's hypotheses in the informed consent?

A) researchers only have vague ideas about the relationship between variables at the beginning of a study
B) participants may respond unnaturally if they know what the researcher hopes to find
C) because it would be too redundant, given the information is provided in the debriefing
D) providing participants with this information would violate the ethical guideline of integrity

Question 15

A key consideration in science is whether:

A) benefits outweigh costs.
B) a study is culturally relevant.
C) the topic under investigation is interesting.
D) the study would produce significant results.

Question 16

Which is the hardest to guarantee?

A) confidentiality
B) respect
C) justice
D) anonymity

Question 17

Selecting participants that are easiest to manipulate violates which standard?

A) beneficence
B) respect
C) justice
D) anonymity

Question 18

What is egoism?

A) the believe that ethical decisions should be based on acting opposite of one's own self-interest
B) the believe that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest
C) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit
D) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Question 19

Jasmine would like to conduct a study to determine whether children who watch excessive amounts of television are less intelligent than those who watch less television. If she conducts her study on the children she babysits without their parents' consent she is violating the principle of:

A) justice.
B) beneficence.
C) respect.
D) integrity.

Question 20

What does "massaging the data" mean?

A) falsifying data
B) using statistical analyses to examine the data
C) removing participants from the dataset when they violate a predetermined criteria
D) asking a colleague to re-examine a dataset

Question 21

_____ is the APA guideline that commits researchers to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research.

A) Respect
B) Freedom
C) Integrity
D) Justice

Question 22

Informed consent is an important part of establishing:

A) justice.
B) beneficence.
C) equality.
D) respect for persons.

Question 23

Monica believes that her decisions should reflect her moral obligation to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. His personal philosophy demonstrates:

A) the utilitarian perspective.
B) egoism.
C) the file drawer problem.
D) the altruistic perspective.

Question 24

Which of the following is one of the basic ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report?

A) equality
B) beneficence
C) freedom of religion
D) right to legal counsel

Question 25

Which of the following would NOT be considered coercion?

A) providing excessive compensation for participation
B) threatening physical or psychological harm for failing to participate in a study
C) offering a bribe to potential participants
D) giving research experience credit to Introduction to Psychology students in exchange for their participation

Question 26

Each of the following are benefits of the debriefing, EXCEPT it:

A) helps participants learn about the scientific process.
B) reveals the hypothesis under investigation.
C) provides contact information to counseling services in case the study causes later emotional distress.
D) contains further deception for the researcher to investigate.

Question 27

Some of the studies conducted before the 1970s, like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Milgram's obedience study, could not be replicated today, because of:

A) stricter ethical guidelines.
B) loss of confidentiality.
C) cultural standards that discourage research.
D) stricter environmental guidelines.

Question 28

The application of moral principles concerning what an individual considers right and wrong to help guide one's decisions and behavior is called:

A) altruistic perspective.
B) file drawer problem.
C) deception.
D) ethics.

Question 29

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit is called:

A) egoism.
B) the altruistic perspective.
C) the utilitarian perspective.
D) beneficence.

Question 30

Which of the following is specified as a vulnerable population?

A) the elderly
B) women
C) prisoners
D) adults

Question 31

Loss of confidentiality is:

A) when the responses and behaviors of participants become public knowledge.
B) when researcher uses coding to separate participant names from data.
C) a guarantee that individual responses cannot be linked to individual participants.
D) the physical toll that study participation takes on participants.

Question 32

What does the IACUC oversee?

A) animals
B) children
C) prisoners
D) the mentally ill

Question 33

What is the Institutional Review Board?

A) a governing body that reviews the ethical merit of all research conducted with animals as subjects
B) a governing body that reviews the ethical merit of all research conducted on human subjects
C) a governing body that reviews the capital investment of a study and determines whether it merits being conducted
D) a governing body that reviews whether studies are likely to achieve statistical significance and result in publication

Question 34

The best practices put forth by Simmons and colleagues (2011) to help decrease the temptation to falsify data include all of the following, EXCEPT:

A) decide in advance how many participants to collect data from.
B) report all of the different groups included in the study.
C) report only the pieces of data that achieved statistical significance.
D) report all of the different variables assessed in the study.

Question 35

Phillipe is conducting a research study in which his participants will encounter the same level of risk encountered in daily life. His study will most likely receive the IRB review classification of:

A) exempt.
B) advanced.
C) expedited.
D) full review.

Question 36

Imagine that you are the chair of your university's IRB. You receive a research protocol detailing a study that would examine the impact of sleep deprivation on driving behavior. The researcher plans to have participants stay awake for varying numbers of hours in the lab and then have them operate a car during rush hour traffic. You reject this study based on its violation of the principle of:

A) integrity.
B) justice.
C) respect.
D) beneficence.

Question 37

Which of the following does NOT involve deception?

A) cover story
B) false feedback
C) using a confederate
D) debriefing

Question 38

Fairness in the selection of study participants in a manner that equally distributes costs and benefits is known as:

A) integrity.
B) respect.
C) justice.
D) beneficence.

Question 39

Informed consent forms must tell participants _____, but they do not have to tell participants _____.

A) what they are expected to do; where
B) what they are expected to do; why
C) why they are participating; what they are expected to do
D) why they are participating; when

Question 40

Representing others' work or ideas as your own, without giving proper credit is known as:

A) plagiarism.
B) paraphrasing.
C) the file drawer problem.
D) nonmaleficence.

Question 41

What is the difference between confidentiality and anonymity?

Question 42

How is the utilitarian perspective different from egoism?

Question 43

Describe one way that researchers can "massage their data."

Question 44

What is the altruistic perspective and how might it influence an individual who is trying to resolve an ethical dilemma?

Question 45

Imagine that you are the chair of your university's IRB committee. You receive a research protocol that describes a study examining the limitations of human digestion. The proposed procedure requires participants to eat until they become sick in an effort to advance the current understanding of differential limits on eating behavior. Explain why you would approve or reject this research proposal.

Question 46

What is minimal risk and what level of IRB review is required for studies containing minimal risk?

Question 47

Compare and contrast the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

Question 48

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pande, A. C., Crockatt, J. C., Feltner, D. E., et al. (2003). Pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 533-540.
Effect of Pregabalin on Anxiety
Pande and colleagues examined whether pregabalin (brand name Lyrica) was as effective as lorazepam (brand name Ativan) in treating anxiety. To that end, they administered either a low dose of pregabalin, a high dose of pregabalin, lorazepam, or placebo to participants for four weeks, then measured the participants' anxiety using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. The researchers found that not only did the high dose of pregabalin significantly reduce anxiety, but that it also reduced anxiety as well as lorazepam. The results of the study (Figure 1) indicate that pregabalin may be an effective alternative to lorazepam to treat anxiety in adults.
Figure 1. Hypothetical results of Pande et al (2003) showing the impact of each treatment on anxiety level. Anxiety was measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.
(Scenario I) During an IRB meeting one member notes the high dose of pregabalin proposed in this study may produce significant negative side effects. Another IRB member says that although this may be true, it should only affect a few participants. She also notes that other studies have found pregabalin to have a number of positive effects. The IRB appears to be engaged in a discussion relating to:

A) beneficence.
B) justice.
C) respect for persons.
D) anonymity.

Question 49

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pande, A. C., Crockatt, J. C., Feltner, D. E., et al. (2003). Pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 533-540.
Effect of Pregabalin on Anxiety
Pande and colleagues examined whether pregabalin (brand name Lyrica) was as effective as lorazepam (brand name Ativan) in treating anxiety. To that end, they administered either a low dose of pregabalin, a high dose of pregabalin, lorazepam, or placebo to participants for four weeks, then measured the participants' anxiety using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. The researchers found that not only did the high dose of pregabalin significantly reduce anxiety, but that it also reduced anxiety as well as lorazepam. The results of the study (Figure 1) indicate that pregabalin may be an effective alternative to lorazepam to treat anxiety in adults.
Figure 1. Hypothetical results of Pande et al (2003) showing the impact of each treatment on anxiety level. Anxiety was measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.
(Scenario I) What ethical principle would be in question if the criteria for participating in the study included having health insurance?

A) beneficence
B) justice
C) respect for persons
D) It would violate all principles.

Question 50

Marsha would like to examine self-control in toddlers. In order to do this, she has designed a study in which children will be given a marshmallow and told that if they don't eat it until the researcher returns to the room they will be given a second marshmallow. However, if they eat the marshmallow before the researcher returns they will not be given a second one. Explain to Marsha what level of IRB review this study will require.

Question 51

Yolanda is conducting a research study that is expected to create psychological distress in her participants. How can she minimize the residual effects of this stress so as to uphold the APA ethical guideline of beneficence and nonmaleficence?

Question 52

What is the file drawer problem?

Question 53

What is beneficence?

Question 54

Explain how the Tuskegee Syphilis Study violated the ethical principle of justice?

Question 55

How are the Nuremberg Code for Human Experimentation and the Belmont Report similar and how are they different?

Question 56

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pande, A. C., Crockatt, J. C., Feltner, D. E., et al. (2003). Pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 533-540.
Effect of Pregabalin on Anxiety
Pande and colleagues examined whether pregabalin (brand name Lyrica) was as effective as lorazepam (brand name Ativan) in treating anxiety. To that end, they administered either a low dose of pregabalin, a high dose of pregabalin, lorazepam, or placebo to participants for four weeks, then measured the participants' anxiety using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. The researchers found that not only did the high dose of pregabalin significantly reduce anxiety, but that it also reduced anxiety as well as lorazepam. The results of the study (Figure 1) indicate that pregabalin may be an effective alternative to lorazepam to treat anxiety in adults.
Figure 1. Hypothetical results of Pande et al (2003) showing the impact of each treatment on anxiety level. Anxiety was measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.
(Scenario I) Patty was a participant in the study described in Scenario I. She told her friend she volunteered because she suffers from social anxiety and thought her participation might help her. Patty appears to be motivated based on:

A) altruism.
B) utilitarianism.
C) egoism.
D) idealism.

Question 57

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pande, A. C., Crockatt, J. C., Feltner, D. E., et al. (2003). Pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 533-540.
Effect of Pregabalin on Anxiety
Pande and colleagues examined whether pregabalin (brand name Lyrica) was as effective as lorazepam (brand name Ativan) in treating anxiety. To that end, they administered either a low dose of pregabalin, a high dose of pregabalin, lorazepam, or placebo to participants for four weeks, then measured the participants' anxiety using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. The researchers found that not only did the high dose of pregabalin significantly reduce anxiety, but that it also reduced anxiety as well as lorazepam. The results of the study (Figure 1) indicate that pregabalin may be an effective alternative to lorazepam to treat anxiety in adults.
Figure 1. Hypothetical results of Pande et al (2003) showing the impact of each treatment on anxiety level. Anxiety was measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.
(Scenario I) Which of the following is an ethical issue apparent in Figure 1?

A) Not including error bars suggests the researchers are withholding information about variability.
B) The scale of the y axis is such that it makes the effect of the drug appear to be greater than it actually is.
C) How anxiety was operationalized is not presented in the figure.
D) The dose of each drug is not presented along the y axis.

Question 58

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Pande, A. C., Crockatt, J. C., Feltner, D. E., et al. (2003). Pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 533-540.
Effect of Pregabalin on Anxiety
Pande and colleagues examined whether pregabalin (brand name Lyrica) was as effective as lorazepam (brand name Ativan) in treating anxiety. To that end, they administered either a low dose of pregabalin, a high dose of pregabalin, lorazepam, or placebo to participants for four weeks, then measured the participants' anxiety using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. The researchers found that not only did the high dose of pregabalin significantly reduce anxiety, but that it also reduced anxiety as well as lorazepam. The results of the study (Figure 1) indicate that pregabalin may be an effective alternative to lorazepam to treat anxiety in adults.
Figure 1. Hypothetical results of Pande et al (2003) showing the impact of each treatment on anxiety level. Anxiety was measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.
(Scenario I) In the study described in Scenario I, some participants received a placebo pill. Thinking you are receiving a drug when you are not is a classic example of:

A) anonymity.
B) fraud.
C) deception.
D) experimentation.

Question 59

Why does it matter if psychologists fail to adhere to the APA ethical guideline of scientific integrity and publish falsified results?

Question 60

List and define three of the American Psychological Association's five principles for conducting ethical research.

Question 61

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yatawara, C. J., Einfeld, S. L., Davenport, T. A., & Guastella, A. J. (2015). The effect of oxytocin nasal spray on social interaction deficits observed in young children with autism: a randomized clinical crossover trial [advance online publication]. Molecular Psychiatry.
Oxytocin and Autism Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether oxytocin could improve social bonding in autistic children. Oxytocin is a chemical affectionately known as the "love drug" because it is shown to increase mother-child and male-female bonding. Given that autism typically affects one's ability to form social bonds with others, Yatawara and colleagues (2015) hypothesized that the administration of oxytocin to autistic children may improve their ability to bond with family members. To that end, 31 autistic children received either intranasal oxytocin or a placebo twice daily for five weeks after which each child's caregiver completed a self-report social responsiveness survey. The results revealed oxytocin administration significantly improved the social responsiveness of autistic children. These data suggest that oxytocin should be investigated further for the treatment of autism.
(Scenario III)Suppose Yatawara and colleagues (2015) found oxytocin had no effect on social bonding, and as a result didn't bother to publish their findings. Unaware of their null result, a different group of researchers just invested $35,000 in a study to examine oxytocin as a treatment for autism. According to your text this illustrates:

A) the file drawer problem.
B) the publication problem.
C) the null result problem.
D) the lock and key problem.

Question 62

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Ambrose, B. K., Rostron, B. L., Johnson, S. E., et al. (2014). Perceptions of the relative harm of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among U.S. youth. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 47, S53-S60.
How Youths Perceive E-Cigarettes
The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) held by American adolescents and teens. To that end, Ambrose and colleagues (2014) examined data obtained previously by the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey. This survey includes responses from 24,658 children in 6^th through 12^th grades across the United States. The results revealed that 33% of the students believed that e-cigs were safer than traditional cigarettes. Interestingly, the children who reported never having smoked were less likely to perceive e-cigs as safer than traditional cigarettes. These results suggest that e-cigs may entice kids who would normally avoid cigarettes. Although e-cigs do not contain many of the harmful chemicals found in traditional cigarettes, they do contain nicotine. Because nicotine is addictive, e-cig use may become a gateway to traditional cigarettes.
(Scenario II) Based on the current ethical guidelines, from whom did the researchers in Scenario II obtain informed consent?

A) the children
B) the children's parents
C) the children and their parents
D) No one. Informed consent is not required for survey research.

Question 63

Self is to other as:

A) altruistic perspective is to utilitarian perspective.
B) utilitarian perspective is to egoism.
C) egoism is to utilitarian perspective.
D) altruistic perspective is to egoism.

Question 64

How many principles are outlined in the Belmont Report?

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 65

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yatawara, C. J., Einfeld, S. L., Davenport, T. A., & Guastella, A. J. (2015). The effect of oxytocin nasal spray on social interaction deficits observed in young children with autism: a randomized clinical crossover trial [advance online publication]. Molecular Psychiatry.
Oxytocin and Autism Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether oxytocin could improve social bonding in autistic children. Oxytocin is a chemical affectionately known as the "love drug" because it is shown to increase mother-child and male-female bonding. Given that autism typically affects one's ability to form social bonds with others, Yatawara and colleagues (2015) hypothesized that the administration of oxytocin to autistic children may improve their ability to bond with family members. To that end, 31 autistic children received either intranasal oxytocin or a placebo twice daily for five weeks after which each child's caregiver completed a self-report social responsiveness survey. The results revealed oxytocin administration significantly improved the social responsiveness of autistic children. These data suggest that oxytocin should be investigated further for the treatment of autism.
(Scenario III) Prior to the study described in Scenario III, the researchers examined the effect of oxytocin on bonding between male and female rats. They found that oxytocin strengthened the bond between the rat pairs. Before they conducted their rat study they must have obtained approval from what group?

A) the IRB
B) the IACUC
C) both the IRB and IACUC
D) Animal research does not require approval and oversight.

Question 66

Which of the following is true?

A) There are no ethical guidelines governing how far scientists can go in their pursuit of knowledge.
B) There are ethical guidelines governing how far scientists can go in their pursuit of knowledge, but they are based on each scientist's own moral compass.
C) There are ethical guidelines set forth by the Belmont Report detailing how far scientists can go in their pursuit of knowledge.
D) Scientists are not allowed to use any form of deception or harm when conducting studies.

Question 67

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest is called:

A) the utilitarian perspective.
B) egoism.
C) the altruistic perspective.
D) beneficence.

Question 68

Which of the following is the foundation of most ethical decisions in psychology?

A) self-interest versus what is good for others
B) tension between potential costs and benefits
C) objective versus subjective understanding of truth
D) the dichotomy between good and evil

Question 69

What is the utilitarian perspective?

A) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the least amount of good for people
B) the believe that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest
C) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit
D) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Question 70

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Ambrose, B. K., Rostron, B. L., Johnson, S. E., et al. (2014). Perceptions of the relative harm of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among U.S. youth. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 47, S53-S60.
How Youths Perceive E-Cigarettes
The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) held by American adolescents and teens. To that end, Ambrose and colleagues (2014) examined data obtained previously by the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey. This survey includes responses from 24,658 children in 6^th through 12^th grades across the United States. The results revealed that 33% of the students believed that e-cigs were safer than traditional cigarettes. Interestingly, the children who reported never having smoked were less likely to perceive e-cigs as safer than traditional cigarettes. These results suggest that e-cigs may entice kids who would normally avoid cigarettes. Although e-cigs do not contain many of the harmful chemicals found in traditional cigarettes, they do contain nicotine. Because nicotine is addictive, e-cig use may become a gateway to traditional cigarettes.
(Scenario II) Suppose the researchers in Scenario II only analyzed data from a select group of students without sufficient justification. This act is best described as ___________ the data.

A) fabricating
B) falsifying
C) massaging
D) manipulating

Question 71

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Ambrose, B. K., Rostron, B. L., Johnson, S. E., et al. (2014). Perceptions of the relative harm of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among U.S. youth. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 47, S53-S60.
How Youths Perceive E-Cigarettes
The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) held by American adolescents and teens. To that end, Ambrose and colleagues (2014) examined data obtained previously by the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey. This survey includes responses from 24,658 children in 6^th through 12^th grades across the United States. The results revealed that 33% of the students believed that e-cigs were safer than traditional cigarettes. Interestingly, the children who reported never having smoked were less likely to perceive e-cigs as safer than traditional cigarettes. These results suggest that e-cigs may entice kids who would normally avoid cigarettes. Although e-cigs do not contain many of the harmful chemicals found in traditional cigarettes, they do contain nicotine. Because nicotine is addictive, e-cig use may become a gateway to traditional cigarettes.
(Scenario II) The researchers in Scenario II want to conduct a follow-up to determine whether children behave in a way consistent with their perception of e-cigs and cigarettes. In the IRB application, the researchers propose giving kids in 6^th through 12^th grades e-cigs and traditional cigarettes and then recording which type of cigarette the child chooses to smoke. They also indicate that if a child says they don't want either, they will be told they must select one and smoke it for the sake of the study. This procedure goes against which ethical principle?

A) beneficence
B) justice
C) respect for persons
D) all of the above

Question 72

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yatawara, C. J., Einfeld, S. L., Davenport, T. A., & Guastella, A. J. (2015). The effect of oxytocin nasal spray on social interaction deficits observed in young children with autism: a randomized clinical crossover trial [advance online publication]. Molecular Psychiatry.
Oxytocin and Autism Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether oxytocin could improve social bonding in autistic children. Oxytocin is a chemical affectionately known as the "love drug" because it is shown to increase mother-child and male-female bonding. Given that autism typically affects one's ability to form social bonds with others, Yatawara and colleagues (2015) hypothesized that the administration of oxytocin to autistic children may improve their ability to bond with family members. To that end, 31 autistic children received either intranasal oxytocin or a placebo twice daily for five weeks after which each child's caregiver completed a self-report social responsiveness survey. The results revealed oxytocin administration significantly improved the social responsiveness of autistic children. These data suggest that oxytocin should be investigated further for the treatment of autism.
(Scenario III) At the IRB meeting during which the study described in Scenario III was discussed, one committee member stated "If we don't approve this study a potentially effective treatment for autism may not be identified." Which of the following best characterizes this committee members train of thought?

A) nonmaleficence
B) psychological harm
C) cost-benefit analysis
D) cost of not doing the research

Question 73

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest is known as _____, whereas the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit is known as _____.

A) the utilitarian perspective; the altruistic perspective
B) egoism; the utilitarian perspective
C) the utilitarian perspective; egoism
D) egoism; the altruistic perspective

Question 74

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yatawara, C. J., Einfeld, S. L., Davenport, T. A., & Guastella, A. J. (2015). The effect of oxytocin nasal spray on social interaction deficits observed in young children with autism: a randomized clinical crossover trial [advance online publication]. Molecular Psychiatry.
Oxytocin and Autism Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether oxytocin could improve social bonding in autistic children. Oxytocin is a chemical affectionately known as the "love drug" because it is shown to increase mother-child and male-female bonding. Given that autism typically affects one's ability to form social bonds with others, Yatawara and colleagues (2015) hypothesized that the administration of oxytocin to autistic children may improve their ability to bond with family members. To that end, 31 autistic children received either intranasal oxytocin or a placebo twice daily for five weeks after which each child's caregiver completed a self-report social responsiveness survey. The results revealed oxytocin administration significantly improved the social responsiveness of autistic children. These data suggest that oxytocin should be investigated further for the treatment of autism.
(Scenario III) Because of the population studied in Scenario III, the researchers likely obtained ________ from their legal guardian and __________ from the participants.

A) informed consent; assent
B) assent; informed consent
C) consent; informed assent
D) informed assent; consent

Question 75

Ethics are:

A) what a person should do.
B) what a person should not do.
C) the application of moral principles to help guide one's decisions and behavior.
D) abstract philosophical doctrines governing behavioral practices.

Question 76

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Ambrose, B. K., Rostron, B. L., Johnson, S. E., et al. (2014). Perceptions of the relative harm of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among U.S. youth. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 47, S53-S60.
How Youths Perceive E-Cigarettes
The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) held by American adolescents and teens. To that end, Ambrose and colleagues (2014) examined data obtained previously by the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey. This survey includes responses from 24,658 children in 6^th through 12^th grades across the United States. The results revealed that 33% of the students believed that e-cigs were safer than traditional cigarettes. Interestingly, the children who reported never having smoked were less likely to perceive e-cigs as safer than traditional cigarettes. These results suggest that e-cigs may entice kids who would normally avoid cigarettes. Although e-cigs do not contain many of the harmful chemicals found in traditional cigarettes, they do contain nicotine. Because nicotine is addictive, e-cig use may become a gateway to traditional cigarettes.
(Scenario II) The level of IRB review most appropriate for the National Youth Tobacco Survey is:

A) exempt.
B) expedited.
C) partial.
D) full.

Question 77

Which of the following states that researchers have an ethical obligation to improve the wellbeing of others as much as possible?

A) freedom
B) respect
C) justice
D) beneficence

Question 78

What is the Belmont Report?

A) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving humans
B) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving animals
C) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving children
D) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving prisoners

Question 79

Ethical dilemmas in psychology are complex because:

A) there is often only one right answer.
B) there is often only one wrong answer.
C) the right answer often contradicts what would benefit the researcher.
D) there is neither a right answer nor a wrong answer.

Question 80

What is the altruistic perspective?

A) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping in a way that provides the greatest personal benefit
B) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest
C) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit
D) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people