Deck 12: Repaying Victims

Question 1

Just as most criminals escape punishment, most also evade restitution, a phenomenon that is sometimes referred to as _____.

A) allocution
B) diversion
C) funneling
D) all of these

Answer 1

C

Question 2

As an intentional tort, _____ refers to knowingly stealing or destroying someone's possessions of property.

A) assault
B) conversion of chattel
C) battery
D) trespass

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Money awarded to repay expenses is most accurately called _____.

A) punitive damages
B) compensatory damages
C) pecuniary damages
D) fiscal relief

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In colonial America before the Revolution, criminal acts were handled primarily as _____.

A) public wrongdoing
B) private conflicts between individuals
C) acts against the state with the victim as a witness
D) none of these

Question 5

_______ enable(s) survivors to collect compensation for the loss of a loved one when the loss has occurred without justification or legitimate excuse.

A) Wrongful death suits
B) Assault suits
C) Battery suits
D) Conversion of chattel

Question 6

_______ are alternatives to prosecution.

A) Allocutions
B) Diversions
C) Funnelings
D) Attritions

Question 7

Money extracted to penalize wrongdoers and deter others from similar acts is most accurately termed _____.

A) punitive damages
B) compensatory damages
C) pecuniary damages
D) fiscal relief

Question 8

Prior to the rise of governments and codification of laws, spontaneous acts of what is best described as _____ were typical responses by injured parties and their kin.

A) revenge
B) battery
C) assault
D) violence

Question 9

After an offender has served a period of incarceration, restitution can be included as a condition of _____.

A) probation
B) parole
C) diversion
D) community service

Question 10

In ancient societies, _____ was intended to satisfy a thirst for vengeance as well as to repay losses.

A) restitution
B) diversion
C) fining offenders
D) retribution

Question 11

The earliest community service program was set up in _____.

A) New York
B) South Dakota
C) Minnesota
D) Pennsylvania

Question 12

Currently, courts in _____ have the authority to order restitution.

A) every state
B) 10 states
C) 25 states
D) 35 states

Question 13

Reformers promote restitution as a means of _____.

A) repaying victims
B) rehabilitating offenders
C) mutual reconciliation
D) all of these

Question 14

As an intentional tort, _____ covers threatening acts that cause fear of immediate bodily harm.

A) battery
B) assault
C) conversion of chattel
D) trespass

Question 15

_____ restitution may be appropriate when the immediate casualties can't be identified.

A) Idealistic
B) Creative
C) Symbolic
D) Secondary

Question 16

Money awarded to recover lost income is called _____.

A) punitive damages
B) compensatory damages
C) pecuniary damages
D) fiscal relief

Question 17

_____ restitution happens when offenders, on their own initiative, go beyond what the law asks of them or their sentences require.

A) Idealistic
B) Creative
C) Symbolic
D) Secondary

Question 18

As an intentional tort, _____ involves intentional, harmful physical contact that is painful, injurious or offensive.

A) conversion of chattel
B) assault
C) battery
D) trespass

Question 19

_____ is a type of restitution designed to make amends to society as a whole.

A) Parole
B) Probation
C) Reparations
D) Community service

Question 20

In the years following the American Revolution, _______ were defined as wrongful acts that harmed specific persons.

A) malfeasance
B) nonfeasance
C) torts
D) damages

Question 21

Suing private enterprises for third-party damages _____.

A) never involves accusing the defendant of intentionally harming the plaintiff
B) usually involves gross negligence and breach of responsibility
C) involves showing the enterprise did not take sufficient action to prevent a reasonably foreseeable crime
D) all of these

Question 22

Currently, courts in every state have the authority to order restitution.

Question 23

As an intentional tort, conversion of chattel involves intentional, harmful physical contact that is painful, injurious or offensive.

Question 24

Creative restitution to substitute victims seems appropriate when the immediate casualties can't be identified.

Question 25

The allegation that police officers failed to act to protect an individual to whom they owed a special duty, such as a witness for the prosecution, is termed _____.

A) malfeasance
B) nonfeasance
C) torts
D) damages

Question 26

As an intentional tort, trespass refers to the intentional invasion of another person's land.

Question 27

In a few states, governments cannot be sued even when negligence has clearly contributed to the commission of crime, as the agents are protected by _____.

A) strict liability
B) sovereign immunity
C) nonfeasance
D) discretionary authority

Question 28

Although many cases may appear to be appropriate for restitution, case attrition, or funneling often occurs.

Question 29

As an intentional tort, assault covers acts sufficiently threatening to cause fear of immediate bodily harm.

Question 30

Spontaneous acts of revenge were common responses by injured parties and their kin before the idea of restitution was developed.

Question 31

According to the NCVS, _____.

A) more people are insured against medical expenses than property losses
B) medical and dental costs are more devastating than theft or vandalism
C) larger losses are more likely to be reimbursed than small claims
D) all of these

Question 32

The enactment of the Mandatory Victim Restitution Act of 1996 imposed repayment obligations on all violent offenders in the federal system.

Question 33

Wrongful death suits enable survivors to collect compensation when the loss of a loved one occurs without justification or legitimate excuse.

Question 34

Civil actions commence when the plaintiff files a complaint (referred to as a "pleading.").

Question 35

As an intentional tort, attachment refers to knowingly stealing or destroying someone's possessions of property.

Question 36

One goal of restitution is to ensure victims get repaid.

Question 37

Reformers promote restitution as a means of rehabilitation.

Question 38

Nonfeasance is the allegation that police officers failed to act to protect an individual to whom they owed a special duty, such as a witness for the prosecution.

Question 39

Most street crime victims are never compensated because _____.

A) the offenders are not caught
B) the offender has none or little income
C) the offender is incarcerated
D) all of these.

Question 40

As an intentional tort, false imprisonment is holding a person against their will.

Question 41

A growing number of victims have discovered they can pursue their alleged wrongdoers and their own best interests via a lawsuit in civil court. Describe and explain at least three of the torts a crime victim can bring to court.

Question 42

Advocates of restitution claim it is beneficial on a number of fronts. Outline and discuss restitution as a means of rehabilitating offenders, as a means of reconciling offenders to their victims, and as a means of punishing offenders.

Question 43

Lawsuits against businesses can take many forms. Explain three examples of possible lawsuits against business and some of the difficulties in taking this form of action.

Question 44

The government-liability rationale argues the state is responsible for the safety of its citizens because it reserves the right to use force to suppress crime and to punish offenders.

Question 45

The dangerous of patients and inmates can be accurately predicted, with few false positives or negatives.

Question 46

Describe two of the torts that can be brought to court by someone who suffered damages at the hands of a government agency and explain what the victim would have to prove in order to be successful.

Question 47

In 2005, Congress passed legislation that protected gun manufacturers and dealers from suits seeking to hold them liable for negligence when their weapons were used to commit crimes.

Question 48

Restitution takes place whenever injured parties are repaid by the individuals who are directly responsible for their losses. Define and discuss restitution, symbolic restitution, and creative restitution. Compare and contrast them.

Question 49

Process evaluations of compensation programs focus on internal operations and monitor the variables that characterize the trends and patterns of the programs' efforts.

Question 50

Some insurance policies carry a double indemnity clause that grants survivors twice as much if the policyholder dies unexpectedly from an accident or crime.