Deck 8: Early Childhood: Biosocial Development

Question 1

The corpus callosum connects the hemispheres of the brain.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Perseveration is the tendency to continue an activity even when it has become inappropriate to do so.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Myelination is essential for basic communication between neurons.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Research found that 2-year-old humans have similar intellectual abilities to orangutans and chimpanzees.

Question 5

A child's appetite increases between the ages of 2 and 6.

Question 6

High exposure to lead reduces intelligence and increases behavior problems in young children.

Question 7

The amygdala registers emotions.

Question 8

The right hemisphere of the brain is where language abilities are located in most people.

Question 9

Many parents fear that their children are not getting enough to eat during early childhood, which can contribute to childhood obesity.

Question 10

The development of the body and brain during early childhood is biologically driven; social forces no longer contribute.

Question 11

By the age of 6 years, the brain has attained about half of its adult weight.

Question 12

The cerebellum is the part of the brain that coordinates thought and memory and specializes in planning.

Question 13

By 6 years of age, most children have nearly adult-like proportions; they no longer have the large heads, short limbs, and protruding stomachs that toddlers do.

Question 14

Impulsiveness and perseveration are opposite behaviors with the same underlying cause.

Question 15

Fine motor skills are harder to master than gross motor skills.

Question 16

A nutritional problem in early childhood is an insufficient intake of iron, zinc, and calcium.

Question 17

Eduardo is a natural-born musician with the ability to pick up and play nearly any musical instrument. His musical talent is controlled by the left side of his brain.

Question 18

Failure to brush the teeth is the primary cause of early tooth decay.

Question 19

The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body.

Question 20

The 2-year-old brain has attained about 75 percent of its adult weight.

Question 21

The number of reported cases of child maltreatment is approximately equal to the number of substantiated cases.

Question 22

A child's appetite _____ between the ages of 2 and 6.

A) increases slightly
B) increases dramatically
C) stays the same
D) decreases

Question 23

Many children have cavities and decaying teeth before age ____.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6

Question 24

The average 6-year-old child from a developed nation weighs between _____ pounds.

A) 20 and 30
B) 30 and 40
C) 40 and 50
D) 50 and 60

Question 25

Prior to 1960, misconceptions about both the frequency of child maltreatment and its perpetrators masked the real problems of child maltreatment.

Question 26

A common food allergy for young children is _____.

A) soy
B) rice
C) oats
D) bananas

Question 27

Child maltreatment includes child abuse and child neglect.

Question 28

A person's average body mass index (BMI) is the lowest at the ages of _____.

A) 1 to 2
B) 5 to 6
C) 9 to 10
D) 13 to 14

Question 29

Between the ages of 2 and 6, a well-nourished child will gain about _____ pounds and grow about _____ inches per year.

A) 5; 6
B) 2; 3
C) 4.5; 3
D) 5.5; 4.5

Question 30

Tertiary prevention reduces the damage after an accident.

Question 31

Secondary prevention reduces the danger of high-risk situations.

Question 32

Compared to older children, children between the ages of 2 and 6 years old have a lower risk for premature death due to injuries.

Question 33

Primary prevention reduces the damage after an accident.

Question 34

Rates of reported child maltreatment in the U.S. are similar among all states.

Question 35

In industrialized nations like the United States and Canada, which nutrients are MOST often lacking in a child's diet?

A) calcium, iron, and zinc
B) B vitamins
C) magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin D
D) vitamin C and vitamin E

Question 36

______ is a major problem that contributes to nutritional deficiencies, obesity, and tooth decay.

A) Sugar
B) Carbohydrates
C) Low protein consumption
D) Higher SES

Question 37

An estimated ____ to ____ percent of children are allergic to a specific food, almost always a common, healthy one.

A) 2; 3
B) 3; 8
C) 10; 12
D) 15; 20

Question 38

Parents of a typical 5-year-old girl in America are MOST likely to say _____

A) "She isn't eating enough."
B) "She eats too much."
C) "She has no control over her appetite."
D) "She is suffering from malnutrition."

Question 39

Many day-care centers have successfully prevented obesity increasing from ages 2 to 5 by ____.

A) eliminating juice and milk from meals and snacks
B) requiring parents to participate in comprehensive nutrition classes
C) increasing exercise and improving snacks
D) eliminating certain customs where children tend to overeat, such as birthdays and holidays

Question 40

Drowning is a leading cause of unintentional death for children between the ages of 1 and 4 in the United States.

Question 41

About 10 percent of adults in Great Britain and the United States are _____.

A) left-handed
B) right-handed
C) left hemisphere dominant
D) right hemisphere dominant

Question 42

Lateralization is also called "______."

A) myelination
B) white matter
C) sidedness
D) reverse specialization

Question 43

The part of the brain that specializes in logical reasoning, detailed analysis, and the basics of language is the ___.

A) right hemisphere
B) amygdala
C) left hemisphere
D) hypothalamus

Question 44

Which of the following accurately explains the difference between the brains of Tarik, a 2-year-old, and Jim, his father?

A) Tarik's brain is about 75% of the size of Jim's.
B) Jim's brain has more activity in the angular gyrus than Tarik's.
C) Tarik's brain is the same weight as Jim's.
D) Jim's brain is less lateralized than Tarik's.

Question 45

The specialization of the functioning of the two halves of the brain is called "_____."

A) lateralization
B) linearization
C) equalization
D) disequilibrium

Question 46

Jon is able to play "Go Fish," a card game that requires quick thinking. What brain change most directly supports his ability to think quickly?

A) hypothalamic functioning
B) myelination
C) frontal cortex maturation
D) development of new axons

Question 47

Myelination is important because it _____.

A) connects the two halves of the brain
B) compensates for loss of brain function due to injury
C) promotes regular childhood sleep patterns
D) speeds up the transmission of neural impulses

Question 48

A 2-year-old human's brain is _____ percent of the adult brain's weight.

A) 55
B) 65
C) 75
D) 80

Question 49

The ability to play "Simon Says" successfully appears to be directly related to the development of the _____ cortex.

A) parietal
B) prefrontal
C) striate
D) posterior

Question 50

Elise is beginning to learn how to write. She can hold a pencil in one hand and steady the paper with her other hand. This new ability to coordinate the duties of her right and left hands is likely due to _____.

A) the growth of her corpus callosum
B) her arms and legs growing longer
C) her brain's lateralization
D) adequate calcium in her diet

Question 51

A disorder that research has suggested may result from abnormal development of the corpus callosum is _____.

A) hearing impairment
B) nearsightedness
C) oppositional defiant disorder
D) autism spectrum disorder

Question 52

The process through which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses is called "_____."

A) myelination
B) action potential
C) transmission
D) lateralization

Question 53

_____ is an advantage in some professions, including those involving creativity and split-second actions.

A) Right lateralization
B) Left lateralization
C) Reverse myelination
D) Cross myelination

Question 54

The rates of left-handedness in the United States and Great Britain have ____ since 1900.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) become equal to rates of right-handedness

Question 55

Regis, a 6-year-old, can correctly name objects, catch a ball and throw it, and write his ABCs in proper sequence. His younger brother Mark is much less speedy and skillful in all of these areas. What is the best explanation for Regis's superior performance?

A) Regis most likely eats healthier foods than Mark.
B) Regis's brain has experienced greater myelination than Mark's.
C) Regis's frontal cortex is less mature than Mark's.
D) Regis has fewer dendrites than Mark.

Question 56

The left side of the brain notices _____, while the right side grasps _____.

A) the big picture; the details
B) the details; emotions
C) emotions; language
D) creative impulses; detailed analysis

Question 57

Kayla, age 4, has recently begun coordinating the two sides of her body more efficiently. This improvement can be attributed to _____.

A) the growth of her corpus callosum
B) her arms and legs growing longer
C) her brain's lateralization
D) adequate calcium in her diet

Question 58

According to your text, some researchers believe that autism spectrum disorder may be due to _____.

A) rigid myelination
B) abnormal development of the corpus callosum
C) lesions in the prefrontal cortex
D) incomplete axon cords

Question 59

The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to _____.

A) eating healthy foods
B) myelination
C) frontal cortex maturation
D) development of new axons

Question 60

The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is _____.

A) myelination
B) the corpus callosum
C) the prefrontal cortex
D) the axon cord

Question 61

Ryan suffered a brain injury as a result of an automobile accident. His abilities to speak and to process language were severely affected. His injury was to the _____.

A) right side of his brain
B) left side of his brain
C) amygdala
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 62

Marco can wash his own face and comb his hair. He can copy difficult shapes and letters. Marco also loves climbing trees and jumping over simple obstacles. Marco is probably ____ years old.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 63

What is one implication of urbanization for gross motor skill development?

A) Crowded cities prevent children from practicing their gross motor skills.
B) Cities provide increased opportunity to practice gross motor skills.
C) Urban children benefit from gross motor skill practice with adult role models.
D) Gross motor skills are naturally improved by urban living.

Question 64

Megyn is a 3-year-old who is working on a craft project at preschool. She has to be repeatedly reminded to sit still, to continue working on the craft, and to stop grabbing her peers' supplies. What is the most likely explanation for Megyn's behavior?

A) She is not artistically inclined.
B) She is displaying normal lack of impulse control.
C) She is not yet mature enough to be in preschool.
D) She has ADHD.

Question 65

Based on what you know about the immaturity of the amygdala in early childhood, what is a likely consequence that many young children may experience?

A) a language delay
B) extreme, violent tantrums
C) frightening nightmares
D) increased susceptibility to disease

Question 66

Gross motor skills such as riding a tricycle are acquired _____.

A) through practice only
B) due to brain maturation only
C) through brain maturation and practice
D) only if the parents teach the skills

Question 67

In neuroscience terms, neurons have two types of impulses: _____.

A) in-out
B) activate-inhibit
C) myelinate-lateralize
D) right-left

Question 68

Nicoli suffered a stroke affecting the left hemisphere of his brain. Which skill is most likely to have been affected?

A) speech
B) face recognition
C) emotion processing
D) location in space

Question 69

Studies of maltreated children suggest that excessive stress-hormone levels in early childhood _____.

A) return to normal levels once the source of the stressor is gone
B) permanently damage brain pathways
C) reduce emotional reactivity in adulthood
D) active important cognitive networks throughout the brain

Question 70

The amygdala is a brain structure that registers _____.

A) body temperature
B) emotions
C) speech perception
D) memories

Question 71

The development of motor skills is unique and depends on _________.

A) culture, practice, and maturity
B) age, ethnicity, and gender
C) parents' athletic skills, socialization, and access to peers
D) preschool quality, age of parents, and ethnic composition of the neighborhood

Question 72

Natalia is four years old. If Natalia is like other typically developing children of this age, she should be able to _____.

A) write simple words
B) hop on either foot
C) skip and gallop in rhythm
D) tie her shoes

Question 73

An example of a gross motor skill is _____.

A) painting a picture
B) dialing a phone
C) picking up a bug
D) hopping on one foot

Question 74

In regard to gross motor development, many educators agree that ____ is/are the third teacher.

A) parents
B) relatives
C) the environment
D) brain

Question 75

Which statement about left-handed people is true?

A) Myelination takes longer for them than it does for right-handed people.
B) They are less likely to succeed in sports.
C) Their corpus callosa tend to be thicker than those of right-handed people.
D) The language areas of their brains are on the right side of the brain.

Question 76

Romanian children raised in orphanages demonstrated _____when shown pictures of emotional faces.

A) more reactivity in their limbic system
B) less reactivity in their limbic system
C) more variation in response
D) less variation in response

Question 77

During a long car trip, Anna and Robert asked "Are we there yet?" so many times that their mother began covering her ears. Her children were exhibiting _____.

A) impulsiveness
B) emotional regulation
C) perseveration
D) habituation

Question 78

Marilynn is ready to learn how to play catch. Which of the following is the model from whom Marilynn would learn best?

A) her mother
B) her father
C) her friend
D) her teacher

Question 79

Which of the following statements about exposure to stress is true?

A) Stress, in any form, is damaging to children's cognitive and social development.
B) Even low to moderate forms of stress interfere with children's day-to-day functioning.
C) High levels of stress activate hormones that are necessary in helping young children to cope.
D) Some stress, but not too much, aids cognition.

Question 80

Younger children tend to be better at playing kickball than they are at playing baseball. That's because all aspects of kickball rely more heavily on _____.

A) fine motor skills
B) gross motor skills
C) lateralization
D) limbic system development