Deck 5: The First Two Years: Biosocial Development

Question 1

The speed of physical growth in the first year is continued during the second year.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The typical newborn sleeps about 15 to 17 hours out of 24.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Pruning neural connections improves neural communication and increases thinking ability.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Infants usually triple their birth weight by the end of their first year.

Question 5

The space between neurons in the brain most likely contributes to complex thinking in humans.

Question 6

Two-year-olds are about 20 percent of their adult weight.

Question 7

Recognition of diverse faces improves with early exposure.

Question 8

Between 12 and 24 months, infant growth is generally slower than it was in the first year.

Question 9

Most 2-year-olds weigh almost 28 pounds.

Question 10

The last part of the brain to develop is the prefrontal cortex.

Question 11

Self-righting helps the brain development of infants who do not have enriching environments.

Question 12

Sensation begins when an outer sense organ detects an incoming stimulus.

Question 13

At birth, the brain contains more than 100 trillion neurons.

Question 14

Dendrite growth is the major reason that brain weight triples in the first two years.

Question 15

Axons and dendrites meet at a synapse.

Question 16

Research has found that the own-race effect is the result of innate prejudice against those who look unfamiliar.

Question 17

Shaking a baby causes neural connections to break and ruptures blood vessels in the brain.

Question 18

The circumference of the brain increases three times in the first year of life.

Question 19

Brain maturation is one factor that influences an infant's sleep patterns.

Question 20

The temporary increase in the number of dendrites in the first two years of life is known as "transient exuberance."

Question 21

It is probable that up to 4 billion children born between the years 1950 and 2010 would have died without the institution of public health practices.

Question 22

The thick, high-calorie fluid secreted by the mother's breasts soon after childbirth is known as "callosum."

Question 23

It has been proven that infants feel as much pain as adults.

Question 24

Eli is 6 months old. He slaps the water repeatedly each time he is in the bathtub, squealing as the water splashes. His tendency to continue splashing water demonstrates his sensation and his attempt to make sense of it.

Question 25

An example of a fine motor skill is transferring an object from one hand to the other.

Question 26

The food enjoyed in different cultures may aid in human survival.

Question 27

The fats and sugars used in formula make it more digestible than breast milk.

Question 28

Binocular vision is the ability to focus both eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image.

Question 29

In a newborn, vision is not as well developed as hearing.

Question 30

Henry is demonstrating his gross motor skills when he picks up small pieces of cereal from his high-chair tray.

Question 31

A child who begins walking independently at 12 months is close to the average age for accomplishing this skill.

Question 32

Motor skills are used to control actions.

Question 33

Stunting is a disease directly caused by malnutrition.

Question 34

Newborns are especially responsive to rhythmic sounds such as lullabies.

Question 35

In order for sensation to occur, one must be able to understand and comprehend the incoming stimuli.

Question 36

Immunizations are useful in protecting children from diseases but not from the serious complications that result from childhood illness.

Question 37

Perception requires experience in addition to normal brain functioning.

Question 38

Perception takes place in the corpus callosum.

Question 39

The five senses serve no purpose in comforting infants.

Question 40

Some herbs and plants contain natural substances that are medicinal, and thus the foods a particular culture eats may aid human survival.

Question 41

The average newborn triples his or her weight by _____.

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 1.5 years
D) 2 years

Question 42

The child's abdomen typically swells with fluid with the disease called "kwashiorkor."

Question 43

Clara's weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that _____ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does and _____ percent of all babies her age weigh more than she does.

A) 29; 69
B) 25; 75
C) 70; 30
D) 81; 19

Question 44

Co-sleeping may be harmful to the baby if the mother _____.

A) is in a fetal position around the baby
B) is a light sleeper
C) has been drinking
D) awakens frequently

Question 45

A newborn's brain weight is _____ an adult's brain weight.

A) greater than
B) the same as
C) 75 percent of
D) 25 percent of

Question 46

The average baby will grow _____ inches in his or her first year.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Question 47

Children reach half their adult height by about the age of _____ years.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 48

Slow-wave sleep _____

A) increases at about 3 or 4 months of age.
B) is also known as "REM sleep."
C) is also known as "paradoxical sleep."
D) rarely occurs until 2 years of age.

Question 49

A _____ is a ranking between 0 and 100 that compares children of the same age in order to determine whether a particular baby is growing well.

A) normal score
B) standard deviation
C) percentile
D) norm

Question 50

Mr. and Mrs. Alvarez are parents of newborn Glen. The pediatrician tells them that Glen's height falls at the 92nd percentile. This means that Glen is _____.

A) above average in height
B) below average in height
C) eating too often
D) underweight

Question 51

A typical child at 24 months weighs about _____ pounds.

A) 14
B) 28
C) 42
D) 56

Question 52

Alma brought her 6-month-old son to the doctor for a well-baby visit. The doctor says that her son is healthy and that his weight is in the 20th percentile. What does this mean?

A) He is large for his age.
B) He is not growing properly.
C) He is malnourished.
D) He falls within an acceptable range.

Question 53

_____ is a condition that may be caused by poor nutrition, allergies, the microbiome, or other medical conditions.

A) Dwarfism
B) Obesity
C) Failure to thrive
D) Head-sparing

Question 54

The dozing, half-awake state often seen in newborns is called "_____."

A) REM sleep
B) paradoxical sleep
C) transitional sleep
D) postnatal sleep

Question 55

The average newborn sleeps approximately _______ a day.

A) 12 to 14
B) 15 to 17
C) 18 to 20
D) 21 to 23

Question 56

In addition to cultural influences, what is a compelling reason that causes parents to choose to co-sleep with their infant? ____

A) Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier.
B) Co-sleeping allows the infant to sleep more deeply for longer periods.
C) Co-sleeping helps the baby's digestion.
D) Co-sleeping infants become more independent.

Question 57

The signs of REM sleep include flickering of the infant's _____.

A) open eyes and rapid brain waves
B) closed eyes and rapid brain waves
C) open eyes and slow, steady brain waves
D) closed eyes and slow, steady brain waves

Question 58

Twelve-month-old Emily has slept in her parents' bed since she was born. This custom is called "_____."

A) co-bedding
B) shared sleep
C) sleep accommodation
D) co-sleeping

Question 59

According to international rates of co-sleeping, which baby is most likely to sleep in his or her parents' bed?

A) Asher, who is from New Zealand
B) Felipe, who is from Canada
C) Dinh, who is from Switzerland
D) Althea, who is from the Philippines

Question 60

The human body is equipped to protect the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth. This protective feature is known as "_____."

A) the blood-brain barrier
B) brain-override
C) head-sparing
D) caudal protection

Question 61

The ____ has two halves and four lobes.

A) cerebellum
B) hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) forebrain

Question 62

Transient exuberance is the _____.

A) rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life
B) high energy that toddlers experience following a nap
C) friendliness that infants display prior to the onset of stranger wariness
D) rapid growth of axons during the first few years of life

Question 63

The central nervous system includes the ____ and _____.

A) spinal cord; heart
B) brain; lungs
C) prefrontal cortex; heart
D) brain; spinal cord

Question 64

The function of neurotransmitters is to _____.

A) bind the neurons of the central nervous system together
B) form the synapse between neurons
C) carry information from one neuron to another
D) assist in the formation of new neurons

Question 65

_____ is required for normal brain maturation to occur.

A) Experience-expectant growth
B) Experience-dependent growth
C) Self-righting
D) Head-sparing

Question 66

The areas at the very front of the cortex _____.

A) are responsible for visual functions
B) help humans to understand spoken words
C) assist with impulse control
D) are well developed in newborns

Question 67

At birth, the human brain can be characterized as having _____ of neurons.

A) thousands
B) millions
C) billions
D) trillions

Question 68

Neurons in the brain meet at "intersections" called _____.

A) synapses
B) cortexes
C) axons
D) dendrites

Question 69

The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses is the _____ cortex.

A) prefrontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) striate

Question 70

The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Rapid and temporary dendrite growth is called "_____."

A) dendritic proliferation
B) pruning
C) cortex multiplication
D) transient exuberance

Question 71

The part of the brain that seems to be devoted to perceiving faces is the _____ face area.

A) prefrontal
B) fusiform
C) countenance perception
D) hippocampal

Question 72

From birth until age 2, dendrites in the cortex increase about _____.

A) threefold
B) fivefold
C) sevenfold
D) tenfold

Question 73

Pruning is the process by which _____.

A) brain centers are rewired following localized brain damage
B) the left hemisphere specializes for language processing
C) the frontal lobe disengages from the prefrontal cortex
D) unused connections between neurons are eliminated

Question 74

The last part of the brain to mature is the _____.

A) axons
B) dendrites
C) synapses
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 75

The outer layers of the brain are referred to as "_____."

A) the cortex
B) axons
C) dendrites
D) synapses

Question 76

Synapses are _____.

A) intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron
B) where neurons make direct contact with one another
C) chemical structures that allow dendrites to send their messages to axons
D) the area where neurons determine whether a stimulus exceeds the absolute threshold or not

Question 77

Which statement describes the brain's cortex? ______

A) It is found in the center of the brain and is responsible for primitive emotions and reflexes.
B) It makes up a small percentage of the outer brain and is responsible for movement.
C) It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing.
D) It is the gray matter of the brain where the intersections of dendrites and axons form.

Question 78

A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n) "_____."

A) frontal cell
B) axon
C) dendrite
D) neuron

Question 79

When you experience pleasure or pain, you are likely activating your _____.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) hippocampus
C) pituitary gland
D) limbic system

Question 80

The process through which unused dendrites atrophy and die is called "_____."

A) pruning
B) degeneration
C) transitional exuberance
D) myelination