Deck 3: Heredity and Environment

Question 1

Genes are located on chromosomes.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

An individual's collection of genes is called a "phenotype."

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code of the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is heterozygous.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Every ovum a woman creates contains an X chromosome.

Question 5

The general term for the techniques designed to help an infertile couple conceive and then sustain a pregnancy is in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Question 6

When a person inherits a recessive gene that is not expressed in the phenotype, he or she is a carrier of the gene.

Question 7

All humans have about 100,000 genes.

Question 8

If the 23rd pair of chromosomes contains one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, then the individual is male.

Question 9

If the 23rd pair of chromosomes contains two X chromosomes, then that individual is a male.

Question 10

When the effects of genes add up to make the phenotype, they are called dominant-recessive genes.

Question 11

An individual's phenotype is dependent entirely on his or her genes.

Question 12

The cells that result from the early duplication and division processes are called stem cells, which are able to produce any other specialized cell.

Question 13

The mother's ovum determines whether the fetus will become a boy or a girl.

Question 14

Dizygotic twins originate from the same zygote; therefore, they have the same genotype.

Question 15

Almost every trait is polygenic, which means it is affected by many genes.

Question 16

When the 23 pairs of chromosomes duplicate and form two complete sets of the genome, this process is referred to as "duplication."

Question 17

Genes and alleles for alcoholism have been found exclusively on the Y chromosome.

Question 18

Regarding biological sex (XX or XY), women become drunk on more alcohol than men.

Question 19

Almost every cell in the human body has 23 single chromosomes.

Question 20

An allele is a variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the very same characteristic.

Question 21

The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum, is called a "_____."

A) chromosome
B) phenotype
C) genotype
D) zygote

Question 22

Dr. Garcia studies how environmental factors affect gene expression-enhancing, halting, shaping, or altering the expression of genes. Dr. Garcia studies _____.

A) atypical longevity
B) sociobiology
C) human pathogenesis
D) epigenetics

Question 23

Humans have 23 pairs of _____, which contain the instructions to make the proteins needed for life and growth.

A) chromosomes
B) alleles
C) genotypes
D) zygotes

Question 24

Genes affect such disorders as alcoholism and nearsightedness, but research indicates that the environment plays a role as well.

Question 25

One aspect of both nature and nurture that profoundly affects each person is the _____, which refers to all microbes that live within every part of the body.

A) genome
B) allele
C) microbiome
D) zygote

Question 26

Every human begins life as a single cell, which is called a _____.

A) chromosome
B) zygote
C) genotype
D) genome

Question 27

All living things are composed of cells. The work of cells is done by _____.

A) proteins
B) zygotes
C) genotypes
D) phenotypes

Question 28

Consultation and testing by trained experts that enable individuals to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions they could pass along to any children they might conceive, is referred to as "couples counseling."

Question 29

Each molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is stored on a(n) _____.

A) chromosome
B) RNA
C) gene
D) zygote

Question 30

Genes, culture, and age all affect vision.

Question 31

A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics is a(n) _____.

A) chromosome
B) zygote
C) genotype
D) allele

Question 32

Each gene directs the formation of specific proteins made from a string of _____ amino acids.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 33

Some genes are _____, which means "many forms."

A) polymorphic
B) multimorphic
C) allelemorphic
D) transmorphic

Question 34

Each human body cell contains _____ chromosomes.

A) 46 pairs of
B) 46
C) 23
D) 20 pairs of

Question 35

Each human has a total of about _____ genes.

A) 10,000
B) 20,000
C) 30,000
D) 40,000

Question 36

The most common extra-chromosome condition is fragile X syndrome.

Question 37

A small section of a chromosome that is the basic unit for the transmission of heredity is a _____.

A) chromosome
B) gene
C) genotype
D) zygote

Question 38

The process of methylation can do all the following to genetic instructions EXCEPT _____ them.

A) alter
B) connect
C) remove
D) transcribe

Question 39

Heritability indicates how much of the variation of a trait can be traced to genes.

Question 40

The name of the full set of genes that provides the instructions for making living organisms is the _____.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) genome
D) allele

Question 41

Allen learned in his college biology class that, with respect to the sex chromosomes, the _____.

A) Y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome and has more genes
B) X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome and has more genes
C) X and Y chromosomes are the same size, but the X chromosome has more genes
D) X and Y chromosomes are the same size and have the same number of genes

Question 42

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent differs from the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) monozygotic
D) dizygotic

Question 43

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, males have _____.

A) two X chromosomes
B) two Y chromosomes
C) an X chromosome and a Y chromosome
D) just a Y chromosome

Question 44

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, females have _____.

A) two X chromosomes
B) two Y chromosomes
C) an X chromosome and a Y chromosome
D) just a Y chromosome

Question 45

Within hours after conception, the first 23 pairs of chromosomes within the zygote _____, forming two complete sets of the genome.

A) atrophy
B) duplicate
C) differentiate
D) detach

Question 46

Michelle and Greg are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. Who is responsible for determining the sex of the baby?

A) Michelle
B) Greg
C) both Michelle and Greg
D) neither Michelle or Greg

Question 47

Individual A's 23rd pair of chromosomes is XX. Individual A is _____.

A) male
B) female
C) neither male nor female
D) both male and female

Question 48

Males have one X and one Y on _____.

A) each sperm
B) on the 43rd chromosome
C) the 23rd pair of chromosomes
D) each stem cell

Question 49

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) monozygotic
D) dizygotic

Question 50

The instructions for making amino acids are on about 3 billion pairs of chemicals called "_____ pairs."

A) couple
B) foundation
C) base
D) copy

Question 51

In China, a "one-child" policy implemented around 1979 cut the birth rate in half. Although the intended goal of reducing poverty was achieved, several unintended consequences were identified. All the following were unintended consequences EXCEPT for _____.

A) far more unmarried men in China than women
B) millions of newborn girls being placed up for adoption
C) males living longer than females
D) increased abortions of female fetuses

Question 52

In 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, both members of the pair are closely matched. Each of these 44 chromosomes is called a(n) "_____."

A) allele
B) gamete
C) autosome
D) blastocyst

Question 53

Alice loves to share information that she has learned from school with her parents. She comes home one day and, at dinner, tells her family she has learned about cell differentiation in science class. The information she tells them is correct, so over dinner, she tells them that once cells differentiate, _____.

A) they can still transform into different cells
B) only cells in the brain can still transform into different cells
C) they can transform into stem cells
D) they can no longer transform into different cells

Question 54

An individual's genetic inheritance is called a(n) "_____."

A) phenotype
B) allele
C) genotype
D) gamete

Question 55

Couples can select the sex of a child by all the following methods EXCEPT _____.

A) inactivating X or Y sperm before conception
B) selecting only X eggs for fertilization
C) aborting XX or XY fetuses
D) undergoing in vitro fertilization and then inserting only male or female embryos

Question 56

Individual A's 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY. Individual A is _____.

A) male
B) female
C) neither male nor female
D) both male and female

Question 57

A high school science teacher asks the students which cells could be used to produce any other cell in the body. The correct answer is _____ cells.

A) polymorphic
B) foundation
C) stem
D) allele

Question 58

After about the eight-cell stage within the zygote, cells start to _____, meaning that they take different forms and reproduce at various rates, depending on where they are located.

A) divide
B) duplicate
C) differentiate
D) detach

Question 59

Nine months after conception, a newborn has about _____ billion cells.

A) 5
B) 26
C) 55
D) 80

Question 60

_____ cells are able to produce any other cells.

A) Polymorphic
B) Foundation
C) Stem
D) Allele

Question 61

If an individual needed an organ donation, which organ donor would be the best match for this individual?

A) a grandparent
B) a younger sibling
C) a dizygotic twin
D) a monozygotic twin

Question 62

Justin and Jacob are identical twins. They are the result of _____.

A) one ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes
B) two separate ova that were fertilized by two different sperm
C) one ovum that was fertilized by two sperm
D) two ova that were fertilized by one sperm

Question 63

Timur and Juan are playing basketball. Timur shoots the ball, and Juan blocks the shot. Timur says, "Wow, I didn't realize how tall you were until you did that!" Timur's comment refers to Juan's "_____."

A) phenotype
B) allele
C) genotype
D) gamete

Question 64

Almost every trait is _____, which means it is affected by many genes.

A) polygenic
B) nonadditive
C) X-linked
D) monozygotic

Question 65

Birth defects and later illness _____ with in vitro fertilization (IVF).

A) increase slightly
B) increase greatly
C) decrease slightly
D) decrease greatly

Question 66

In _____, the first IVF baby was born.

A) 1964
B) 1978
C) 1986
D) 2001

Question 67

Which of the following women is most likely to have dizygotic twins?

A) Pallavi, who is Korean
B) Oluchi, who is Nigerian
C) Wei, who is Chinese
D) Ember, who is American

Question 68

_____ refers to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype.

A) Polygenic
B) Nonadditive
C) Multifactorial
D) Monozygotic

Question 69

Dizygotic twins have _____ of their genes in common.

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 70

Identical twins are also called _____ twins.

A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) zygotic
D) gamete

Question 71

When an ovum is surgically removed from an ovary, fertilized in a glass lab dish, and then inserted into the uterus, this process is referred to as "_____."

A) in vitro fertilization (IVF)
B) unassisted reproductive technology (URT)
C) intra-cytoplasmic injection (ICSI)
D) multifactorial conception (MC)

Question 72

Fraternal twins are also called _____ twins.

A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) zygotic
D) gamete

Question 73

Which of the following women is most likely to conceive dizygotic twins?

A) Ashleigh, who is 20
B) Brenda, who is 27
C) Paige, who is 30
D) Nora, who is 35

Question 74

The general term for the techniques designed to help infertile couples conceive and then sustain a pregnancy is _____.

A) in vitro fertilization (IVF)
B) artificial reproductive technology (ART)
C) intra-cytoplasmic injection (ICSI)
D) multifactorial

Question 75

Jackie rushed into the house after school and announced to her parents, "My personality is _____! So many genes make me who I am!"

A) polygenic
B) nonadditive
C) multifactorial
D) monozygotic

Question 76

An individual's phenotype describes all the following EXCEPT an individual's _____.

A) genetic inheritance
B) appearance
C) personality
D) intelligence

Question 77

The _____ is the person's appearance, behavior, and brain and body functions.

A) phenotype
B) allele
C) genotype
D) gamete

Question 78

James and Claire have been trying for several years to get pregnant but have not been successful. They understand the procedures required for in vitro fertilization, but they have not looked into the cost. If James and Claire were to move forward with IVF, they should expect to pay about _____ for all the drugs, the monitoring, and the procedure itself.

A) $5,000
B) $15,000
C) $20,000
D) $50,000

Question 79

After twins are conceived, their chance of survival until birth depends on the prenatal circumstances. An early sonogram might reveal two developing organisms, but later only one embryo continues to grow. This is referred to as the "_____ twin phenomenon."

A) vanishing
B) disappearing
C) terminated
D) missing

Question 80

Harold and Heather are dizygotic twins. They are the result of _____.

A) one ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes
B) two separate ova that were fertilized by two different sperm
C) one ovum that was fertilized by two sperm
D) two ova that were fertilized by one sperm