Deck 4: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

Every person starts life as a single cell called an embryo.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The fetus gains about 2 pounds in the third trimester.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Apgar scale measures color, heart rate, cry, muscle tone, and breathing.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Birth takes place around 266 days after conception.

Question 5

Low birthweight is defined as a newborn weighing less than 2,500 grams.

Question 6

About 20 percent of all children have difficulties that could be connected to behavioral teratogens.

Question 7

Embryos exposed to large amounts of alcohol may develop fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 8

Genes can influence the effects of teratogens.

Question 9

Behavioral teratogens cause physical defects and brain abnormalities.

Question 10

Home births are more common in European nations than in the United States.

Question 11

A threshold effect means that some teratogens are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level, at which point they become damaging.

Question 12

The first two weeks of prenatal development are called the fetal period.

Question 13

Teratogens increase the risk of harm but do not always cause damage.

Question 14

The effects of behavioral teratogens may last a lifetime.

Question 15

The rate of cesarean sections is declining worldwide.

Question 16

The last months of prenatal development are a critical period for body formation.

Question 17

Couvade is when the zygote embeds itself into the lining of the uterus.

Question 18

At the end of the embryonic period, the embryo has all of the basic organs and body parts (except sex organs) of a human being.

Question 19

Prenatal development follows a cephalocaudal and a proximodistal pattern.

Question 20

The Apgar scale refers to the age at which a fetus might survive if born.

Question 21

During the germinal period, the first task of the zygote's outer cells is _____.

A) differentiation
B) duplication
C) germination
D) implantation

Question 22

The germinal period ends approximately _____ after conception.

A) 2 days
B) 3 months
C) 2 weeks
D) 12 weeks

Question 23

The term for a temporary lack of oxygen is cerebral palsy.

Question 24

During the embryonic period, the neural tube will become the _____.

A) reproductive organs
B) intestinal tract
C) backbone, legs, and arms
D) central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord

Question 25

About a week after conception, the outer layer of the multiplying cells forms a protective circle, or shell, that will become the _____.

A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) vernix
D) infant

Question 26

The head appears in the _____ week after conception.

A) fourth
B) fifth
C) sixth
D) seventh

Question 27

The strong, loving bond that forms as parents hold and feed their newborn is known as "couvade."

Question 28

Between 8 and 15 percent of all women experience postpartum depression in the days and weeks after giving birth.

Question 29

Which of the following structures develops first during the period of the embryo?

A) the neural tube
B) the primitive streak
C) the upper arms
D) the placenta

Question 30

During the _____ period of prenatal development, the placenta must achieve implantation.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) conception

Question 31

The rooting reflex helps a newborn infant find a nipple.

Question 32

The parental alliance is especially beneficial when an infant is physically vulnerable.

Question 33

Fathers do not seem to have any impact on birth outcomes.

Question 34

Birth-related complications are more likely when there is a father listed on the birth record.

Question 35

About ___ percent of natural conceptions never implant.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75

Question 36

Cindy is doing a presentation on prenatal development. Cindy's presentation will focus on the following three periods, in the order of ______.

A) embryonic, germinal, and fetal
B) fetal, embryonic, and germinal
C) germinal, embryonic, and fetal
D) germinal, fetal, and embryonic

Question 37

The nations of sub-Saharan Africa have low rates of low-birthweight babies.

Question 38

Jenny just learned that she is 6 weeks pregnant. She is in the _____ period of prenatal development.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) second

Question 39

"Small for gestational age" means the same as "underweight preterm."

Question 40

The ____ period lasts from the third week through the eighth week of pregnancy.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) viability

Question 41

In most cases, newborns _____.

A) are unable to breathe on their own.
B) do not cry until the umbilical cord is cut
C) breathe and cry on their own immediately
D) breathe on their own, and cry when the umbilical cord is cut

Question 42

The third period of gestation is the _____ period.

A) zygotic
B) embryonic
C) germinal
D) fetal

Question 43

The critical factor in attaining the age of viability is _____.

A) weighing at least 5 pounds (2.3 kg)
B) having a functioning central nervous system
C) having functioning digestive and respiratory systems
D) surviving at least 28 weeks past conception

Question 44

Growth occurs in a _____ pattern, which means "head-to-tail."

A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis

Question 45

The age of viability occurs at about ____ weeks after conception.

A) 16
B) 18
C) 22
D) 26

Question 46

Nicolette, pregnant for the first time, wonders how long it will take to deliver her son. You can tell Nicolette that for first births, the average baby is born after ____ hours of active labor.

A) 7
B) 11
C) 14
D) 20

Question 47

A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, is also referred to as a(n) "_____."

A) epidural
B) cesarean section
C) induced labor
D) doula

Question 48

Jose and Keta recently learned that they were pregnant. The couple is very excited about the pregnancy and are eager to know the sex of the fetus. The doctor explains that she will be able to determine the sex by the end of the third month using _____.

A) an X-ray
B) amniocentesis
C) ultrasound
D) the Apgar scale

Question 49

In the fourth week after conception, a miniscule blood vessel that will become the _____ begins to pulsate.

A) lungs
B) stomach
C) kidneys
D) heart

Question 50

On average, fetuses gain about _____ pounds during the last trimester of pregnancy, which brings the average birth weight to about 7.5 pounds.

A) 1.5
B) 2.5
C) 4.5
D) 6.5

Question 51

By the end of the ____ prenatal month, sex organs develop and are soon visible via ultrasound.

A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth

Question 52

In the third stage of labor, the _____.

A) cervix begins to dilate
B) baby's head moves into the birth canal
C) mother experiences intense contractions
D) placenta is delivered

Question 53

A person who supports a mother through the birth process from early labor at home through delivery at home or in a hospital is called a _____.

A) humanitarian
B) doctor
C) postpartum nurse
D) doula

Question 54

Today, ______ are likely to arrive at a pregnant woman's home during early labor and later work alongside hospital staff.

A) doulas
B) birthing coaches
C) physicians' assistants
D) neonatal support teams

Question 55

The ______ is the age at which a fetus might survive outside the mother's uterus if specialized medical care is available.

A) germinal period
B) embryonic period
C) fetal age indicator
D) age of viability

Question 56

At around 38 weeks after conception, the _____ starts the sequence of events that prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor.

A) fetal brain
B) maternal brain
C) placenta
D) amniotic sac

Question 57

Which of the following statements about prenatal neural development is true? _____

A) The central nervous system is the last body system to begin development.
B) During the germinal period, neurogenesis contributes to short peaks in brain activity.
C) The final three months of pregnancy are likely the best time for normal cell death.
D) The human brain is fully connected during the fetal period.

Question 58

The longest period of prenatal development is the _____ period.

A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) proximodistal
D) germinal

Question 59

Tina went into labor at her home. Joan arrived soon after and began to time her contractions and give gentle massages. She assisted Tina and her partner when it was time to leave for the hospital and accompanied them through the birth process. Joan was Tina's _____.

A) postpartum nurse
B) doctor
C) couvade
D) doula

Question 60

Prenatally, development happens in a near-to-far pattern known as "_____."

A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis

Question 61

Drugs, viruses, pollutants, malnutrition, and stress during pregnancy are referred to as "______."

A) threshold effects
B) risk factors
C) teratogens
D) vulnerability factors

Question 62

By age 3, children born by cesarean section are twice as likely to _____.

A) exhibit behavioral problems, such as hyperactivity
B) have learning and motor difficulties
C) be diagnosed with autism
D) be obese

Question 63

In which of the following countries are home births most common? _____

A) The United States
B) Canada
C) England
D) The Netherlands

Question 64

Newborn Kendrell received an Apgar score of 4. This score indicates that Kendrell is ______.

A) healthy and responsive
B) in need of emergency care
C) slightly lethargic but in good condition
D) hungry, cold, and irritable

Question 65

Which of the following is TRUE regarding rates for cesarean sections and epidurals? _____

A) They have been relatively steady over the past three decades.
B) They are the same in the United States as in most other developed nations.
C) They vary by doctor and by hospital.
D) They are higher for births attended by midwives.

Question 66

Compared to vaginal births, c-section births _____.

A) are less expensive
B) increase the risk of complications after birth
C) usually take longer
D) are less safe for the baby

Question 67

Epidurals, often used in hospital births to manage pain during childbirth, have been shown to _____.

A) help prevent unnecessary c-sections
B) encourage breast-feeding from the beginning
C) decrease the newborn's readiness to suck
D) induce labor

Question 68

Labor that is started, speeded, or strengthened with a drug is referred to as "_____."

A) a home birth
B) induced labor
C) a cesarean section
D) an epidural

Question 69

Dr. Lopez is a researcher who focuses on teratology. Teratology is the science of ______.

A) risk analysis
B) pediatric neurology
C) prenatal health
D) obstetrics

Question 70

Holly was two weeks over her due date. The doctor decided it was best for Holly to _____ labor due to the increasing size of the fetus.

A) postpone
B) induce
C) forego
D) decrease

Question 71

A baby is assessed at one minute after birth using the Apgar scale. Three of the five vital signs are good, but the baby is weak and inactive and grimaces. The two vital signs the medical team is concerned about are _____.

A) muscle tone and heartbeat
B) respiratory effect and color
C) muscle tone and reflex irritability
D) reflex irritability and respiratory effect

Question 72

With respect to prenatal development, teratogens _____ prenatal abnormalities.

A) increase the risk of
B) decrease the risk of
C) always cause
D) do not cause

Question 73

Currently in the United States, newborn mortality is about 1 in ___.

A) 100
B) 150
C) 200
D) 250

Question 74

Chantal and her husband are considering having a baby. Chantal's obstetrician recommends that she stop using alcohol and update her immunizations _____.

A) before she gets pregnant
B) as soon as she knows she is pregnant
C) anytime during the first trimester of pregnancy
D) as soon as the baby is born

Question 75

In the United States, more than _____ of births occur via c-section.

A) one-third
B) one-half
C) two-thirds
D) three-fourths

Question 76

Jill is 5 years old. She has been diagnosed with ADHD and shows signs of learning problems. Her pediatrician suggests that Jill's problems could be the result of prenatal exposure to _____, though he stresses that the link is not straightforward at this time.

A) caffeine
B) aspirin
C) cell differentiation
D) behavioral teratogens

Question 77

A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for _____.

A) prenatal abnormalities
B) damage to the placenta
C) extra chromosomes
D) male infertility

Question 78

Lin, in labor with her first child, is in a great deal of pain and has been experiencing strong contractions for nearly 12 hours with little progress toward birth. Although Lin was hoping for a natural birth, her doctor has urged her to use an epidural. Which of the following problems occurs most often following an epidural?

A) Newborns are at high risk for birth complications like cerebral palsy.
B) An epidural slows down the labor process.
C) An epidural speeds up the labor process.
D) The mother loses consciousness prior to delivery.

Question 79

Rita is one month pregnant and consults with her doctor about the different categories of teratogens. The doctor tells her that all of the following are categories of teratogens EXCEPT _____.

A) drugs
B) pollutants
C) immunizations
D) viruses

Question 80

The Apgar scale is used at one minute and five minutes after birth to _____.

A) evaluate the newborn's sensory abilities
B) evaluate the health of the new mother
C) help the mother recover from childbirth
D) evaluate the health of the newborn