Deck 13: Middle Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Deliberately modifying one's impulses and emotions is called "resilience."

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Most school-age children live with their nuclear family.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Making a positive adaptation to significant adversity is one sign of resilience.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Active participation in a church can serve as a buffer for children living in stressful circumstances.

Question 5

Family function refers to how a family cares for its members.

Question 6

A child's interpretation of events can mitigate the impact of stressful events.

Question 7

Adoptive families typically do not function well for children.

Question 8

All family functions are enhanced by adequate family income.

Question 9

A child who demonstrates positive adaptation in the face of stressors such as poverty and neglect is showing resilience and will always continue to show resilience.

Question 10

According to Erik Erikson, children between the ages of 6 and 11 experience the crisis of industry versus inferiority.

Question 11

Family conflict harms children only when adults fight about child rearing.

Question 12

Accumulated stresses over time, including minor ones, are more devastating than an isolated major stress.

Question 13

Although there are currently many types of families, research indicates that children only thrive in a nuclear family environment.

Question 14

Environmental influences from different teachers and peer groups reflect one's nonshared influences.

Question 15

Children are less affected by shared environmental factors than by nonshared environmental factors.

Question 16

Resilience to stress is a stable or static trait describing a child's responses under adverse situations.

Question 17

Compared to toddlers, the self-concept of school-age children becomes more realistic and specific.

Question 18

Families do not need to provide opportunities for the development of peer relationships; it is best if those develop on their own, without any assistance from the family.

Question 19

Research indicates that mothers who describe their child's personality in negative terms contribute to the child's displaying more antisocial behavior years later.

Question 20

As schoolchildren make social comparisons, their self-esteem tends to suffer.

Question 21

Neglected children are ignored.

Question 22

Peers reject most bullies in middle childhood.

Question 23

The preconventional level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.

Question 24

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development is called _____.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) trust versus mistrust
D) integrity versus incompetence

Question 25

According to the text, one of the three common imperatives among 6- to 11-year-old children is to try to communicate to an adult what is happening when a peer does something wrong.

Question 26

Changing the school culture so that children don't admire the bullies is more effective at ending bullying than teaching better social skills to victims.

Question 27

In middle childhood, children tend to choose friends who share the same sex, race, and economic background.

Question 28

Other children are often sympathetic toward bully-victims.

Question 29

Throughout childhood, children who are kind, trustworthy, and cooperative are popular among their peers.

Question 30

Keeping secrets is part of the culture of children.

Question 31

A person's reasoning level is the critical element in placing him or her within Kohlberg's stages.

Question 32

Jimmy, who is 8 years old, is more likely at this age to want to play with Sara than with another boy his age.

Question 33

More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are _____.

A) in need of punishment
B) trying to stand out from their peers
C) using electronic media with adult supervision
D) industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture

Question 34

In middle childhood, being accepted by the entire group is more important than having a close friend.

Question 35

Which of the following is crucial during middle childhood?

A) abstract thinking
B) social comparison
C) fitness
D) the development of conservation

Question 36

Relational aggression includes hitting and shoving other children.

Question 37

Aggressive-rejected children are the most likely to become bully-victims.

Question 38

Lawrence Kohlberg based his theory of moral development on the work of Erik Erikson.

Question 39

Cyberbullying is not as detrimental as other kinds of bullying because it does not involve face-to-face contact and can easily be ignored.

Question 40

The conventional moral reasoning level in Kohlberg's moral reasoning system is characterized by following what parents, teachers, and peers do.

Question 41

Assessing one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against one's peers, is called "______."

A) peer evaluation
B) cultural normalization
C) social comparison
D) parental assessment

Question 42

The quality of resilience is dynamic, which means that it _____.

A) is always present in the same way
B) may change over time
C) can be either a positive or negative adaptation
D) reflects successful coping with minor adversities

Question 43

Andrea is a typical 11-year-old whose growing self-consciousness and self-criticism drive her to frequently compare herself with her peers. If Andrea is like most children, such comparisons will _____.

A) confirm her self-concept
B) not affect her self-esteem
C) decrease her self-esteem
D) increase her self-esteem

Question 44

Children's ideas about their intelligence, personality, abilities, gender, and ethnic background form their _____.

A) industry
B) egocentrism
C) latency
D) self-concept

Question 45

According to Erik Erikson's theory, children in middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either _____.

A) suppressed or superior
B) industrious or inferior
C) competent or awkward
D) intelligent or stupid

Question 46

According to Sigmund Freud, during the latency stage children _____.

A) develop sexual feelings toward their opposite-sex peers
B) seek to establish their identity
C) work to learn self-control
D) have quieted emotional drives and psychosexual needs

Question 47

Which scenario is typical of the industry versus inferiority stage?

A) Rose is having difficulty in learning math, but she continues to practice.
B) Vanessa says, "My parents never let me do anything!"
C) Clayton says that his girlfriend, Claire, doesn't understand him.
D) Tyson decides to stop taking piano lessons.

Question 48

The child who weathers severe family problems, even abuse, and yet emerges from those experiences unscathed is said to be "______."

A) buoyant
B) resilient
C) parasympathetic
D) reliable

Question 49

According to Sigmund Freud, what will 8-year-old Sven experience?

A) no sexual interests
B) unconscious sexual conflicts
C) increased emotional drives
D) a new interest in girls

Question 50

Marissa and Jessica, sisters born two years apart, grew up in an impoverished, violent neighborhood. As adults, Marissa is chronically jobless and is addicted to drugs while Jessica is a professor of economics at a community college. What might explain their different life outcomes?

A) differential susceptibility
B) shared environmental influences
C) cohort differences
D) parental influence

Question 51

Research indicates that a child who demonstrates positive adaptation in the face of stressors such as poverty and neglect is showing resilience and _____.

A) will always show resilience no matter how the child's life changes
B) will only show resilience if the child's current experiences remain the same
C) will only show resilience if the child's current experiences get worse
D) may or may not show resilience in the future

Question 52

During the school years, self-esteem typically _____.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) stays the same
D) fluctuates up and down

Question 53

Which theorist described middle childhood as a time of latency?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) Jean Piaget
D) Lev Vygotsky

Question 54

Unrealistically high self-esteem _____ effortful control, which leads to _____ academic achievement.

A) reduces; lower
B) reduces; higher
C) increases; lower
D) increases; higher

Question 55

According to Erikson, if 9-year-old Anna is successful in solving her psychosocial conflict, she should be developing a(n) _____ view of herself.

A) emotionally mature
B) industrious
C) inept
D) latent

Question 56

_____ is both a cause and consequence of feeling inferior.

A) Self-concept
B) Effortful control
C) Social rejection
D) Social comparison

Question 57

In 1980, the dominant idea about resilience was that _____.

A) differential susceptibility means identical stressors can benefit one child and harm another
B) all children have the same needs for healthy development
C) nothing inevitably causes harm
D) strengths vary by cultural and national values

Question 58

In _____, the dominant idea about resilience was that communities are responsible for child resilience.

A) 2000
B) 2008
C) 2010
D) 2015

Question 59

Nine-year-old Alisha announces to her mother, "I am smart, nice, and friendly, and I am so good at painting that one day I am going to sell lots of pictures." Alisha is demonstrating _____.

A) industry
B) egocentrism
C) latency
D) self-concept

Question 60

Barbara is in the third grade. She spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. According to Erik Erikson, Barbara is developing a healthy sense of _____ through these tasks.

A) industry
B) self-control
C) autonomy
D) egocentrism

Question 61

Joshua and Jeanette are brother and sister who live with their biological parents. They live in a(n) _____ family.

A) extended
B) blended
C) foster
D) nuclear

Question 62

In childhood, how children react to a serious stressor depends primarily on _____.

A) what the stressor is
B) accumulated stressors
C) whether the stressor is economic
D) whether the stressor affects other siblings too

Question 63

An expert team of scientists compared 1,000 sets of monozygotic twins reared by their biological parents The researchers asked the mothers to describe each twin. Descriptions ranged from very positive to very negative. The researchers measured personality at age 5 (including antisocial behavior as reported by kindergarten teachers) and then measured each twin's personality two years later. The results revealed _____.

A) if mothers were more negative toward one of their twins, that twin became more antisocial at age 7 than at age 5
B) if mothers were less negative toward one of their twins, that twin became more antisocial at age 7 than at age 5
C) if mothers were more negative toward one of their twins, that twin became less antisocial at age 7 than at age 5
D) that there was no relation between maternal negatively and child antisocial behavior

Question 64

The most common type of family for children in the United States is the _____.

A) extended family
B) single-parent family
C) nuclear family
D) blended family

Question 65

A family that consists of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and the women is a(n) _____ family.

A) blended
B) adoptive
C) extended
D) polygamous

Question 66

Family function refers to _____.

A) how a family cares for its members
B) the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household
C) how the family's house is constructed
D) how the various generations interact

Question 67

Jordan is asked to list all of the people in his family. Jordan is being asked to report his family _____.

A) structure
B) harmony
C) function
D) resilience

Question 68

Alisha's family is experiencing multiple problems, including her mother's illness, her father's loss of employment, and two relatives moving into their home. Despite the stress of home life, Alisha does attend weekly church and feels welcomed by the congregation. Overall, Alisha seems to be doing fairly well despite her home life. Alisha may be _____.

A) indifferent to her family's problems
B) relying on egocentric tendencies
C) using religion as a source of support
D) hoping to go to college after high school

Question 69

When children act as parents and try to take care of everyone, it is called "______."

A) resilience
B) parentification
C) emerging adulthood
D) an extended family

Question 70

Which family function is especially crucial in middle childhood?

A) harmony and stability
B) physical necessities
C) peer relationships
D) self-respect

Question 71

In a typical military family, income is _____ and children tend to have _____ school achievement than their peers from civilian families.

A) lower; lower
B) higher; lower
C) lower; higher
D) higher; higher

Question 72

Family structure refers to _____.

A) the way in which a family raises its children
B) the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household
C) how the family's house is constructed
D) how the various generations interact

Question 73

The need for _____ is evident in U.S. children in military families.

A) siblings
B) public school
C) continuity
D) popularity

Question 74

Many parents believe that they mold their children's personalities. However, research has found that _____.

A) half of all personality traits may be genetic
B) half of all personality traits may be environmental
C) genes and the nonshared environment have the most impact on personality
D) temperament defines personality

Question 75

_____ of U.S children live in a single-parent household.

A) Ten percent
B) A third
C) Fifty percent
D) Two-thirds

Question 76

Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the _____.

A) family structures
B) measurements of family harmony
C) functions of a family
D) suggestions for stress resilience

Question 77

Compared with nuclear families, extended families typically _____.

A) are more chaotic
B) include grandparents
C) feature less structure
D) are better for children

Question 78

Since Carter's mother suffers from depression and his father is an alcoholic, Carter is often neglected, but he has a supportive group of friends. Despite his circumstances, he maintains a positive outlook. What may be helping Carter to maintain his positive attitude?

A) low intelligence
B) his circle of friends
C) low problem-solving ability
D) a high cortisol level

Question 79

Alan is an adopted child who lives with three siblings, all biological children of his adoptive parents. Alan's math skills are far better than those of his adoptive parents or his adoptive siblings. This provides evidence that _____.

A) shared familial influences play a stronger role than was previously believed
B) genes may have a stronger effect than familial environment on talents
C) few environmental effects on personality come from outside the family
D) Alan's own initiative to excel is greater than that of his adoptive family

Question 80

One important factor with respect to children coping with adversity is a child's _____.

A) interpretation of the events
B) age
C) gender
D) cooperation with others