Deck 12: Middle Childhood: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Within Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural framework, from childhood every experience teaches individuals something.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

To retain information in working memory, individuals must merely be exposed to the information.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Control processes improve with age only.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The memory system in which signals are held for a split second is called "sensory memory."

Question 5

Aaron made two lines of toys with trucks in one line and cars in another. Aaron was exhibiting classification.

Question 6

The ability to understand and use metaphors results from a level of cognitive development that is typically attained during middle childhood.

Question 7

The information-processing theory was inspired by the knowledge of how animals' brains function.

Question 8

Dolly can count from 1 to 10 in order. This ability is due to the logical principle of conservation.

Question 9

According to Jean Piaget, a child between the ages of 6 and 11 can apply logical principles to concrete situations (real, tangible, visible).

Question 10

The knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical order is the principle of seriation.

Question 11

The part of the memory-processing system in which current, conscious mental activity occurs is known as long-term memory.

Question 12

Control processes include emotional regulation, selective attention, and metacognition.

Question 13

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area is known as knowledge immersion.

Question 14

Metacognition is thinking about thinking.

Question 15

The process of switching codes is limited to sentence and grammar usage.

Question 16

Shelby spoke to her best friend using slang; when she turned to speak to her teacher, she used formal English. Shelby was demonstrating metacognition.

Question 17

The process by which children change from informal speech to proper speech when talking with teachers and most adults is known as changing codes.

Question 18

Jean Piaget called the cognition stage of middle childhood "formal operational thought."

Question 19

School-age children are able to use logic about concrete things.

Question 20

Lev Vygotsky believed that instruction was crucial for cognitive development.

Question 21

Approximately one in ten children in the United States is home-schooled.

Question 22

The hidden curriculum includes explicitly stated rules that influence aspects of learning.

Question 23

The knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical order is the logical principle of _____.

A) conservation
B) seriation
C) classification
D) reversibility

Question 24

In the United States, public schools that set their own standards, are licensed by the state, and receive funding from private money and sponsors are charter schools.

Question 25

If Beth is taking the main international test of science and math, she is taking the PIRLS.

Question 26

When capable of concrete operational thought, children _____.

A) are limited to intuitive, perceptual focusing
B) can apply their reasoning to real, tangible situations
C) can reason about abstractions
D) are likely to be misled by appearances

Question 27

Justino, a student from Brazil, is enrolled in an immersion class in the United States. This means that all instruction is conducted in English.

Question 28

Nine-year-old Pete sorted screws, bolts, and nails into three piles by type. He is able to correctly sort the objects into separate piles because of the logical principle of _____.

A) conservation
B) seriation
C) classification
D) reversibility

Question 29

A child is shown a large box and a small box. The large box contains a 5-pound weight and the small box contains a 10-pound weight. The child picks up the boxes and looks at them closely, and then is asked which weighs more. The child is no longer focused only on appearances, so he answers that the small box weighs more. Jean Piaget would say that this child is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) metacognitive
D) concrete operational

Question 30

According to Jean Piaget, children gain the ability to use _____ during middle childhood.

A) static reasoning
B) abstract reasoning
C) logic
D) egocentrism

Question 31

A school funded by tuition charges, endowments, and often religious or other nonprofit sponsors is a voucher school.

Question 32

According to Jean Piaget, middle childhood is a time for _____ thought.

A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) metacognitive
D) concrete operational

Question 33

The PIRLS is the main international test of reading given to students.

Question 34

More than 95 percent of the world's 7-year-olds are in school.

Question 35

The logical principle that allows objects to be grouped according to some characteristic that they share is called "______."

A) concrete thought
B) transitive inference
C) classification
D) reversibility

Question 36

Everywhere in the world, children are taught to read, write, and do arithmetic.

Question 37

Dr. Holiday is doing a study to determine how 9-year-olds think. Based on theory, he believes that the 9-year-olds should be able to reason logically about concrete situations, situations that are real, tangible, and visible. Dr. Holiday's belief is based on _____.

A) the information processing perspective
B) Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
C) Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development
D) Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Question 38

In the total immersion approach to bilingual schooling, social communication in both languages is encouraged.

Question 39

According to Jean Piaget, a child between the ages of 6 and 11 can apply logical principles to _____.

A) abstractions, such as truth and liberty
B) chemistry and physics
C) concrete situations (real, tangible, visible)
D) questions of social justice and equality

Question 40

Public subsidy for tuition payment at a nonpublic school is referred to as a private school.

Question 41

According to Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural framework, every experience after _____ teaches individuals something.

A) birth
B) childhood
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 42

Lev Vygotsky viewed _____ as being crucial to children's development of skills and knowledge.

A) instruction
B) independence
C) exploration
D) passive learning

Question 43

Robert Siegler has studied the day-by-day details of children's cognition in math. He has found that children _____.

A) suddenly grasp the logic of the number system
B) gradually acquire math knowledge and strategies
C) already understand all they need to know about math by 3 years of age
D) do not understand math knowledge and strategies until they are in adolescence

Question 44

Professor Schuyler believes that people's brains work very much like a computer in terms of input, operations, and output. The professor believes in _____.

A) the information-processing perspective
B) Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
C) Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development
D) Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Question 45

Jill has just heard her teacher say something. The sounds produced by the teacher are first stored in Jill's _____.

A) working memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) short-term memory

Question 46

Which statement is true?

A) School-age children are able to understand complex, abstract concepts.
B) School-age children are as rigid in their thinking as preschoolers.
C) School-age children are slightly less advanced thinkers than preschoolers.
D) There is no sudden shift between preoperational and concrete operational thought.

Question 47

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky differed over the most important factors in a child's cognitive development. In general, Piaget described _____; Vygotsky noted ______.

A) cultural impact; social instruction
B) information processing; brain maturation
C) brain maturation; universal changes
D) universal changes; cultural impact

Question 48

Sensory memory improves until about age _____ and then remains adequate until late adulthood.

A) 4
B) 7
C) 10
D) 13

Question 49

Lev Vygotsky might argue that all of the following could be an instructor to a 6-year-old child EXCEPT _____.

A) a 3-year-old sibling
B) an art teacher
C) a grandparent
D) a 10-year-old friend

Question 50

The memory system in which signals are held for a split second is called "______ "memory.

A) short-term
B) working
C) sensory
D) holding

Question 51

With respect to sociocultural context, children from the Varanasi region in India learn what specific ability from their culture?

A) observational learning
B) fractions
C) spatial orientation
D) individual discovery

Question 52

_____ is one of the leading theorists of the information-processing perspective.

A) Lev Vygotsky
B) Jean Piaget
C) Robert Siegler
D) P.A. Silva

Question 53

The information-processing theory was inspired by the knowledge of how _____ function.

A) animals' brains
B) high-level businesses
C) computers
D) athletic teams

Question 54

Which information is most likely to be in your current working memory?

A) everything you see on this page
B) the answer to this question
C) where you saw the term working memory in the text
D) the musical theme of your favorite television show

Question 55

The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs is the _____.

A) working memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) icon memory

Question 56

Which statement about the difference between a 4-year-old and an 11-year-old is true?

A) The 4-year-old can separate the relevant from the irrelevant, but the 11-year-old is unable to do so.
B) The 11-year-old can apply abstract thought to the classification process, whereas the 4-year-old is unable to do so.
C) The 4-year-old will be able to think logically about concrete situations, whereas the 11-year-old is unable to do so.
D) The 11-year-old can use mental categories more flexibly, inductively, and simultaneously, whereas the 4-year-old is unable to do so.

Question 57

Seven-year-old Hannah can arrange ten buttons in order from smallest to largest. Her understanding of _____ allows her to accomplish this.

A) conservation
B) transitive inference
C) seriation
D) abstract reasoning

Question 58

From an information-processing approach, the memory process has three major steps. What is the correct order of this process, beginning with the first component?

A) sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory
B) long-term memory, working memory, sensory memory
C) sensory memory, long-term memory, working memory
D) working memory, sensory memory, long-term memory

Question 59

Dr. Smith is conducting a study to determine what 9-year-olds know. Based on theory, he believes that the 9-year-olds will advance in knowledge based on instructions. Dr. Smith's belief is based on _____.

A) the information processing perspective
B) Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
C) Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development
D) Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Question 60

To retain information in working memory, individuals must _____.

A) merely be exposed to the information
B) process the information
C) unconsciously be aware of the information
D) do nothing, as the information will be passively absorbed into working memory

Question 61

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area is known as "knowledge _____."

A) base
B) immersion
C) automatization
D) start

Question 62

The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely is _____.

A) working memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) iconic memory

Question 63

Emma studied for the spelling test all week and spelled each of the tested words correctly. Emma's ability to do well on her spelling test was based on her ability to _____ long-term memory.

A) edit the spelling words in
B) retrieve the correct spelling of words from
C) classify each word in
D) conserve the list of words in

Question 64

Manuela's memory is adaptive and strategic. She is becoming skilled with various memory techniques from teachers and peers, and she can organize materials fairly well. Manuela is probably age ____.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

Question 65

Addie has weekly spelling tests. On Monday she gets the list of ten words and realizes she knows how to spell four of the words. Rather than studying these four words, she spends Tuesday and Wednesday studying the six new words. On Wednesday evening she quizzes herself on the six words and learns she now knows how to spell three more. Thursday she studies the three words she still did not know how to spell. Friday morning before the spelling test she quizzes herself on all ten words and correctly spells all ten words. Addie's ability to evaluate the task of learning words and monitor and adjust her performance throughout the learning process is a product of _____.

A) metacognition
B) automatization
C) immersion seriation
D) abstract reasoning

Question 66

Tony came to walk with José to school. When José saw Tony's notebook in his backpack, José rushed back into his house to retrieve his own notebook, which contained his homework. José's sensation upon seeing Tony's notebook became a perception, which triggered José's _____.

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) knowledge base

Question 67

Control processes improve with _____.

A) fame and wealth
B) income and status
C) age and experience
D) personal motivation and belief

Question 68

Working memory is particularly important for _____.

A) processing speed
B) science
C) reading
D) social problem solving

Question 69

Which of the following factors does NOT facilitate increases in the knowledge base?

A) high intelligence
B) past experience
C) current opportunity
D) personal motivation

Question 70

Mechanisms that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system are referred to as "______."

A) preoperational thought
B) reciprocity
C) the limbic system
D) control processes

Question 71

New concepts are best learned when they are connected to _____.

A) what is already known about a subject
B) current events
C) a teacher-directed curriculum
D) a child-centered curriculum

Question 72

Which factor contributes to increases in a child's knowledge base?

A) scoring high on an IQ test
B) educated parents
C) personal motivation
D) well-developed fine motor skills

Question 73

Metacognition refers to _____.

A) improving one's problem-solving strategies
B) memorizing detailed information
C) thinking about one's thinking processes
D) considering multiple alternatives

Question 74

How readily past learning can be brought into working memory from long-term memory is referred to as "______."

A) storage
B) retrieval
C) input
D) short-term memory

Question 75

Which of the following is not an example of a control process?

A) emotional regulation
B) selective attention
C) metacognition
D) pragmatics

Question 76

Metacognition is _____.

A) the process of putting information into long-term memory
B) the process of recalling information
C) thinking about thinking
D) the ability to process multiple stimuli

Question 77

By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is _____.

A) limited to facts and knowledge gained through repetition
B) limited to highly emotional experiences and objective information
C) unlimited regarding information but limited about emotional experiences
D) virtually limitless

Question 78

Ten-year-old Billy loves baseball and has studied baseball statistics since he was 5 years old. Billy is currently reading this year's statistics for some of his favorite players. He will easily remember the new statistics because of the knowledge _____ he has for baseball statistics.

A) base
B) automatization
C) immersion
D) start

Question 79

During middle childhood, children understand all of these aspects of language EXCEPT _____.

A) prefixes
B) compound words
C) phrases
D) sarcasm

Question 80

Strategies for processing information within working memory _____.

A) are universal across cultures
B) can be influenced by culture
C) are unaffected by culture
D) are culture-free