Deck 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Question 1

Mandy is eight months old; her mother, Jennie, is 40 years old; and her grandmother, Matilda, is 70 years old. During a typical 24-hour period, who experiences the highest proportion of REM to NREM sleep?

A) Jennie
B) Matilda
C) Mandy
D) Mandy, Jennie, and Matilda all experience the same approximate proportion of REM to NREM sleep during a typical 24-hour period.

Answer 1

Mandy

Question 2

Mike suffers from narcolepsy. Sometimes, when he is very excited or experiencing intense emotions, he suddenly loses voluntary muscle strength and control and collapses, a phenomenon called:

A) cataplexy.
B) dissociative anesthesia.
C) sleep paralysis.
D) somnambulism.

Answer 2

cataplexy.

Question 3

Scientists found that diminished levels of a special class of neurotransmitters called hypocretins, which are produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, have been implicated in a sleep disorder called:

A) narcolepsy.
B) obstructive sleep apnea.
C) sexsomnia.
D) somnambulism.

Answer 3

narcolepsy.

Question 4

During his therapy session, Brent told his psychotherapist that he had a recurring dream in which he was fighting the pilot on an airplane and struggling to take over the controls. In terms of Freud's psychoanalytic view of dreams, the airplane, the pilot, and fighting would all be considered to be the dream's:

A) latent content.
B) manifest content.
C) activated content.
D) synthesized content.

Question 5

What is "synthesized" in the activation-synthesis model of dreaming?

A) limbic system neurotransmitters, especially dopamine
B) the various sexual and aggressive impulses that are symbolically expressed in the dream's manifest content
C) various memories and sensations that are internally generated by the brain
D) melatonin, which is normally produced by the pituitary gland

Question 6

Most people who are deprived of all environmental time cues tend to naturally follow a _____ -hour sleep-wake cycle.

A) 12
B) 20
C) 25.2
D) 24.2

Question 7

Which of the following is a derivative of opium?

A) mescaline
B) OxyContin
C) psilocybin
D) codeine

Question 8

According to the research discussed in your text, _____ seem(s) to help in consolidating memories, particularly new procedural memories, which involve learning a new skill or task.

A) REM sleep and NREM stage 2 sleep
B) NREM stage 1 slow-wave sleep
C) the newly discovered neurotransmitter hypocretin
D) only REM sleep

Question 9

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Virtually any willing person can be hypnotized.
B) About 10 percent of adults are highly susceptible to hypnosis, and 25 percent are difficult or impossible to hypnotize.
C) About 50 percent of adults are highly susceptible to hypnosis.
D) About 15 percent of adults are highly susceptible to hypnosis, and 10 percent are difficult or impossible to hypnotize.

Question 10

Caffeine:

A) is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world.
B) gets its stimulant effect by promoting the release of adenosine in the brain's prefrontal cortex.
C) gets its stimulant effect by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
D) is the most widely used non-physically addictive drug in the world.

Question 11

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of sleep stages during the first 90 minutes of sleep?

A) stage 1 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 4 NREM, REM sleep
B) REM sleep, stage 4 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 1 NREM
C) stage 1 REM, stage 2 REM, stage 3 REM, stage 4 REM, NREM
D) wakefulness, drowsiness, dreaming, deep sleep, paradoxical sleep

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) The suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates circadian rhythms through the release of the neurotransmitter melatonin.
B) Circadian rhythms remain stable regardless of the sleep-wake schedule people adopt.
C) There are more than 100 different bodily processes that systematically vary over the course of each day, including blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and pain sensitivity.
D) There are two important neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine, that regulate the 24-hour biological clock.

Question 13

Heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and nicotine are all addictive drugs that increase levels of which of the following neurotransmitters in the brain?

A) serotonin
B) melatonin
C) norepinephrine
D) dopamine

Question 14

Sleep researchers who study disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy, are interested in a broad category of sleep disorders called:

A) parasomnias.
B) dissociative states.
C) dyssomnias.
D) lucid dreaming states.

Question 15

Along with carrying 18 hours of college classes, Tolek is working full-time at his uncle's hardware store. When Tolek complained to a friend about how tired he was all the time, his friend offered to sell him some methamphetamines. "They give you more energy," his friend explained. Tolek has been using the methamphetamines almost daily for the past two weeks. If Tolek continues his chronic use of methamphetamines, he will experience:

A) a significant increase in the number of dopamine receptors in his brain.
B) an increase in the synaptic levels of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, because methamphetamines block their reuptake and potentiate their effects.
C) frequent bouts of delirium tremens (DTs).
D) permanent destruction of brain tissue.

Question 16

According to the Critical Thinking box, psychologists Irving Kirsch and Wayne Braffman propose that many highly suggestible participants are just as responsive to suggestions when they have not been hypnotized as they are when they have been hypnotized. They note that hypnosis does not reflect a distinct brain state, but rather individual differences in the degree to which a person is able to experience an imaginary state of affairs as if it were real. Their explanation of hypnosis is called:

A) the neodissociation theory.
B) the imaginative suggestibility view.
C) the activation-synthesis model.
D) the social-cognitive theory.

Question 17

Sleep restriction studies have shown that:

A) research participants adapted to a four-hour-per-night sleep schedule by the end of the first week and showed no cognitive or physical impairments over the course of the experiments.
B) there were some beneficial effects in terms of memory consolidation, reaction time, and immune system functioning.
C) immune system functioning, concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and ability to gauge risk were all diminished.
D) there is no evidence to support the notion that REM and NREM sleep deprivation result in REM and NREM rebound effects.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a parasomnia?

A) insomnia
B) narcolepsy
C) obstructive sleep apnea
D) sleep-related eating disorder

Question 19

Mac has been driving for almost 30 hours straight because he was promised a $1,000 bonus if he delivers his truckload of refrigerated roses by 5:00 the next morning. As Mac drives through the night and gets progressively more tired, he is likely to experience:

A) a surge in brain levels of hypocretin.
B) very brief episodes of sleep called microsleeps.
C) a sleep-related eating disorder.
D) cataplexy.

Question 20

Biological processes that systematically vary over a 24-hour cycle are called _____ and are regulated by a cluster of neurons called the _____.

A) intrinsic rhythms; melatonin cluster
B) circadian rhythms; suprachiasmatic nucleus
C) circadian rhythms; pineal gland
D) brain waves; suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 21

Attention is defined as the capacity to selectively focus senses and awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts or sensations.

Question 22

Magicians exploit a phenomenon known as inattentional blindness, which occurs when we fail to notice something in our clear field of view because our limited attentional resources are devoted to another task or object in the environment.

Question 23

At any given moment we are faced with more information than we can effectively process. This suggests that attention is limited in capacity.

Question 24

Chris drinks coffee frequently. If she tries to get through the day without a cup of coffee, she feels tired and groggy. Chris's feelings of fatigue and drowsiness are most likely _____ that are caused by a phenomenon called the _____ effect.

A) psychological symptoms; placebo
B) withdrawal symptoms; drug rebound
C) addictive symptoms; stimulant-induced
D) withdrawal symptoms; dissociative

Question 25

Which of the following is a category of addictive drugs that mimic the properties of a natural brain substance called endorphins?

A) depressants
B) stimulants
C) psychedelics
D) opiates

Question 26

According to the _____ theory of hypnosis, people who are hypnotized are not in any special state of consciousness but are simply highly motivated to respond to the social demands of the hypnotist and the situation.

A) neodissociation
B) imaginative suggestibility
C) social-cognitive
D) activation-synthesis

Question 27

_____ promote(s) wakefulness, mental alertness, vigilance, and faster thought processes by stimulating the release of dopamine in the brain's prefrontal cortex and by blocking adenosine's sleep-inducing effects.

A) Nicotine
B) Caffeine
C) Cocaine
D) Amphetamines

Question 28

It was the famous American psychologist William James who talked about the "stream" of consciousness.

Question 29

Dr. Castro is at a faculty party and is attentively listening to Dr. Chavez talk about her latest research on selective attention when he suddenly becomes aware of someone else mentioning his name on the other side of the room. This phenomenon is known as mindfulness.

Question 30

The Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology section in your textbook provides a number of tips to help minimize sleep problems. Which of the following is NOT one of those recommendations?

A) Use stimulus-control therapy.
B) Engage in regular daytime exercise.
C) Use depressant drugs, such as alcohol or barbiturates, that cause drowsiness.
D) Establish a consistent sleep-wake cycle.

Question 31

Sleepwalking and sleep terrors are _____ that tend to occur in _____.

A) parasomnias; stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep
B) parasomnias; REM sleep
C) dyssomnias; stages 1 and 2 NREM sleep
D) dyssomnias; REM sleep

Question 32

Because attention is limited in capacity, we tend to focus on information that is most relevant to our immediate or long-term goals.

Question 33

Attention is defined as your immediate awareness of thoughts, sensations, memories, and the world around you.

Question 34

According to _____, dreaming is the subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals during sleep.

A) the neodissociation model
B) Freud's psychoanalytic theory
C) the activation-synthesis model
D) social-cognitive theory

Question 35

Techniques for focusing attention, which are found in most cultures and many religions, are called:

A) stimulus control techniques.
B) imaginative suggestibility techniques.
C) hypnosis.
D) meditation.

Question 36

Because the scenes, images, dialogue, and content of a person's consciousness are constantly changing, the subjective experience of consciousness is best described as disjointed and fragmented.

Question 37

Whenever Lloyd uses his favorite drug, he experiences intense euphoria, mental alertness, and increased self-confidence. These psychological responses occur because the drug he takes blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which potentiates the effects of these neurotransmitters. Lloyd's favorite drug is:

A) caffeine.
B) cocaine.
C) heroin.
D) marijuana.

Question 38

The physically addictive depressant drugs include:

A) cocaine, caffeine, heroin.
B) heroin, opium, and downers, or barbiturates.
C) alcohol, tranquilizers, and barbiturates.
D) heroin, morphine, and LSD.

Question 39

The word circadian is derived from a combination of Latin words meaning "about" and "day."

Question 40

Yair failed to notice when his girlfriend Lena got her hair cut because he wasn't paying attention to her hair. Not noticing that Lena cut her hair is an example of change blindness.

Question 41

Because they are unable to detect the light that normally sets the suprachiasmatic nucleus, blind people typically sleep soundly and rarely suffer from insomnia.

Question 42

The body's master biological clock is located in brainstem circuits at the base of the brain.

Question 43

Over 100 bodily processes operate on circadian rhythms.

Question 44

Many blind people have circadian rhythms that are desynchronized from each other because they are unable to detect the light that normally sets the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 45

Typically, blood levels of melatonin reach their peak early in the afternoon, and high levels of melatonin keep you alert and awake.

Question 46

The pineal gland, located in the brain, is an endocrine gland that manufactures a hormone called melatonin.

Question 47

Increased blood levels of melatonin reduce activity levels and promote sleep.

Question 48

In response to bright light, the suprachiasmatic nucleus signals the pineal gland to decrease production of melatonin.

Question 49

Normally, a person's different circadian rhythms operate independently of one another and are not closely synchronized.

Question 50

When volunteers are deprived of sunlight and other environmental time cues, their circadian rhythms tend to drift to their natural or intrinsic rhythm of about 24.2 hours a day.

Question 51

When volunteers are deprived of sunlight and other environmental time cues for days or weeks at a time, their normally coordinated circadian rhythms become desynchronized.

Question 52

German psychiatrist Hans Berger's invention of the electroencephalograph was critical to the advancement of the scientific study of sleep.

Question 53

The term circadian rhythm refers to biological and psychological processes that fluctuate over about 24 hours.

Question 54

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a cluster of neurons located in the hypothalamus in the brain.

Question 55

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the body's internal clock that governs the timing of circadian rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle and the mental alertness cycle.

Question 56

The symptoms of jet lag are caused by our normally coordinated circadian rhythms being out of synchronization with daylight and darkness cues.

Question 57

One of the most powerful environmental cues that keeps our circadian rhythms synchronized and operating on a 24-hour schedule is bright light, especially sunlight.

Question 58

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the internal master biological clock that governs the timing of circadian rhythms.

Question 59

Decreased blood levels of melatonin make you sleepy.

Question 60

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the retina of each eye.

Question 61

If you are experiencing alpha brain waves, you are in the deepest stage of sleep.

Question 62

From an evolutionary perspective, contagious yawning may have evolved as an adaptive social cue, helping groups to signal and coordinate times of activity and rest.

Question 63

The only time that most people experience beta brain waves is in stage 4 NREM sleep.

Question 64

During REM sleep, voluntary muscle activity is suppressed and the sleeper is essentially paralyzed.

Question 65

The experience of hypnagogic hallucinations is one of the most common sleep disorders.

Question 66

A myoclonic jerk is an involuntary muscle spasm of the whole body that jolts the sleeping person completely awake.

Question 67

REM sleep is also called "quiet sleep."

Question 68

The terms REM sleep, active sleep, and paradoxical sleep all refer to the same phenomenon.

Question 69

The electroencephalograph is the instrument that produces a graphic record of brain activity called an EEG, or electroencephalogram.

Question 70

The presence of sleep spindles and K complexes indicates that a person is experiencing REM sleep.

Question 71

NREM sleep is also referred to as "quiet sleep."

Question 72

One of the most common hypnagogic hallucinations is the sensation of falling.

Question 73

The appearance of sleep spindles and K complexes is a clear sign that the sleeper is in stage 2 NREM sleep.

Question 74

Sleep paralysis occurs during the slow-wave sleep that characterizes stages 3 and 4 NREM.

Question 75

Theta brain waves occur when you are awake, alert, and mentally active.

Question 76

More than half of adults will yawn when they are shown videos of people yawning.

Question 77

Research has substantiated that yawning is often contagious.

Question 78

Yawning is typically followed by an increase in activity level.

Question 79

There are two basic types of sleep: REM sleep and NREM sleep.

Question 80

Research has verified that yawning is caused by too little oxygen and too much carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.