Deck 10: Personality

Question 1

Hannah would like to be a professional musician one day. According to Albert Bandura, the best way for her to strengthen her sense of self-efficacy in this particular realm of behavior is:

A) through unconditional positive regard and developing a congruent self-concept.
B) through observational learning and mastery experiences.
C) by adopting the ego defense mechanisms of sublimation and displacement.
D) by developing a more positive possible self and daydreaming of making her debut at Carnegie Hall.

Answer 1

through observational learning and mastery experiences.

Question 2

According to _____, each person is highly motivated to act in a way that is consistent with his or her _____.

A) Albert Bandura; possible self
B) Carl Rogers; self-concept
C) Carl Jung; anima or animus
D) Raymond Cattell; surface traits

Answer 2

Carl Rogers; self-concept

Question 3

During the _____ stage, sexual impulses become repressed and children develop same-sex friendships and focus their attention on school and other activities.

A) anal
B) oral
C) genital
D) latency

Answer 3

latency

Question 4

Your _____ is defined as your unique and relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

A) self-concept
B) archetype
C) possible self
D) personality

Question 5

Latency is to _____ as reaction formation is to _____.

A) psychosexual stage; ego defense mechanism
B) ego defense mechanism; psychosexual stage
C) conscious; unconscious
D) unconscious; conscious

Question 6

Ben's wife, Rebecca, is a field biologist who accepted a post at a remote research station in Antarctica and has been gone for over two months. Since Rebecca's departure, Ben has remodeled the kitchen, planted a vegetable garden, and is now hard at work building a new deck. Freud would probably describe Ben's burst of creative and productive activities as an example of:

A) rationalization.
B) sublimation.
C) projection.
D) reaction formation.

Question 7

According to Carl Rogers, most psychological problems result from:

A) unconscious conflicts.
B) experiencing conditional positive regard, rather than unconditional positive regard.
C) basic anxiety and the formation of an inferiority complex.
D) prolonged exposure to unconditional positive regard, rather than conditional positive regard.

Question 8

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, which one of the following personality structures is entirely unconscious?

A) the id
B) the libido
C) the ego
D) the superego

Question 9

According to Sigmund Freud, the newborn infant is motivated by:

A) the superego.
B) the pleasure principle.
C) the reality principle.
D) basic anxiety.

Question 10

Thousands of research studies have established the reliability and validity of all of the following self-report personality tests EXCEPT the:

A) Myer-Briggs Type Indicator.
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
C) California Personality Inventory.
D) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire.

Question 11

The successful resolution of the Oedipus complex involves the use of:

A) rationalization.
B) fixation at the oral stage.
C) identification.
D) regression.

Question 12

The actualizing tendency is to _____ as striving for superiority is to _____.

A) Abraham Maslow; Carl Jung
B) Alfred Adler; Karen Horney
C) Carl Rogers; Alfred Adler
D) Carl Jung; Carl Rogers

Question 13

In a research study described in your text, trained graphologists evaluated handwriting samples of 170 people. What did that study find?

A) Graphology provides a valid assessment of occupational aptitude and is the best predictor of vocational success.
B) The trained graphologists were highly accurate in identifying the actors, actresses, and psychologists in the pool of participants but were unable to identify those who were nuns, monks, or librarians.
C) Although the graphologists predicted that they would be 100 percent accurate in distinguishing among the participants, they were not much more accurate than people with no training in graphology.
D) The study found graphology to be highly accurate in distinguishing among people in different occupational groups and in identifying several personality traits.

Question 14

Which of the following perspectives on human personality emphasizes the study of individual differences?

A) the psychoanalytic perspective
B) the social cognitive perspective
C) the trait perspective
D) the neo-Freudian perspective

Question 15

Research on personality traits has demonstrated that:

A) personality traits are flexible, and can vary greatly from one situation to another.
B) many personality traits can be associated with particular unconscious conflicts or fixation at a particular psychosexual stage.
C) the actualizing tendency is the most fundamental personality trait.
D) personality traits are remarkably consistent over the lifespan.

Question 16

According to Carl Rogers, the fully functioning person experiences:

A) high levels of incongruence.
B) a deep need to move toward other people as a defense against basic anxiety.
C) a superiority complex because of success in overcoming challenges and developing a high level of self-actualization.
D) congruence.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the five factors in the five-factor model of personality?

A) psychoticism
B) neuroticism
C) openness to experience
D) agreeableness

Question 18

Table 10.5 lists the major personality perspectives and their key theorists. Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr. are key personality theorists associated with the:

A) trait perspective.
B) psychoanalytic perspective.
C) humanistic perspective.
D) social-cognitive perspective.

Question 19

Reciprocal determinism explains personality as the interaction:

A) between genetics and environmental influences.
B) of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.
C) of social, cultural, behavioral, and environmental factors.
D) between the actualizing tendency and the self-concept.

Question 20

Basic anxiety is to _____ as feelings of inferiority are to _____.

A) Karen Horney; Alfred Adler
B) Alfred Adler; Karen Horney
C) Carl Rogers; Albert Bandura
D) Carl Jung; Hans Eysenck

Question 21

Freud believed the id, ego, and superego are the basic structures of personality.

A) True
B) False

Question 22

Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis, which is a personality theory that stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the importance of early childhood experiences.

A) True
B) False

Question 23

According to _____ and the _____ theory, personality and behavior are the end result of the interaction among cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors.

A) Hans Eysenck; trait
B) Sigmund Freud; psychoanalytic
C) Carl Rogers; humanistic
D) Albert Bandura; social cognitive

Question 24

Before reading this question, you were not thinking about the name of the first president of the United States. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, the name was stored at the preconscious level of awareness. However, since the question brought the name of the first president to mind, it is at the conscious level of awareness.

A) True
B) False

Question 25

Most personality theories focus on very limited aspects of human behavior.

A) True
B) False

Question 26

Early in his career, Freud collaborated with a physician named Joseph Breuer, who introduced Freud to the use of hypnosis to treat people with psychological symptoms.

A) True
B) False

Question 27

The _____ is a self-report inventory that is based upon research by Raymond Cattell.

A) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
B) California Personality Inventory
C) Thematic Apperception Test
D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Question 28

According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, repressed feelings, wishes, and drives are contained in the preconscious.

A) True
B) False

Question 29

Freud used the term libido to describe the superego's use of guilt as a motivating force.

A) True
B) False

Question 30

The 1895 publication of the book Studies on Hysteria, which was written by Joseph Breuer and Sigmund Freud, is the event that is considered to mark the beginning of psychoanalysis.

A) True
B) False

Question 31

Zelda describes herself as shy, hardworking, compassionate, and organized. Zelda's analysis of her own personality is most similar to which perspective on personality?

A) trait
B) psychoanalytic
C) social cognitive
D) humanistic

Question 32

The five-factor model of personality describes personality in terms of:

A) psychoticism, stability, extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness.
B) extraversion, introversion, psychoticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
C) extraversion, emotional stability, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
D) neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Question 33

Ricki is a teenager in a small Midwestern city who dreams of moving to New York and becoming a successful actress. According to Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology, it is likely that because of Ricki's possible self she will _____ in high school.

A) develop an inferiority complex
B) take acting and voice lessons
C) develop a superiority complex
D) have very low self-esteem

Question 34

Freud used the term Eros to refer to survival instincts such as sexuality and hunger, and the term Thanatos to refer to destructive and self-destructive instincts.

A) True
B) False

Question 35

Which of the following is a strength of the social cognitive perspective as compared to the other perspectives on personality?

A) It provides insights into unconscious influences, motives, and conflicts.
B) It helps explain many seemingly irrational aspects of human behavior.
C) Its strength is that it works best in controlled laboratory research rather than complicated real life settings.
D) Its key ideas can be operationally defined, measured, and empirically tested.

Question 36

According to the _____ perspective, people would instinctively choose positive, constructive behaviors if the restrictions of society were loosened.

A) psychoanalytic
B) social cognitive
C) humanistic
D) trait

Question 37

In his career counseling practice, Dr. Tremaine uses a personality test called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. This test differs from other self-report inventories, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, California Personality Inventory, and Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, in that:

A) the results can be applied to accurately determine the best vocational choice and predict future occupational success for an individual.
B) it has high reliability and validity, and test results are consistent on different test-taking occasions.
C) it is designed to measure personality types rather than personality traits and has validity and reliability problems.
D) it is designed to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits.

Question 38

Rose's children gave her a new computer on her birthday. However, she has never turned it on, because she doesn't think she will be able to learn how to use it. How would Albert Bandura explain Rose's behavior?

A) Rose is very low in factor 3, openness to experience.
B) Rose's beliefs of self-efficacy are very weak in regard to learning how to use a computer.
C) Being able to use a computer is incompatible with Rose's ISFP (introverted, sensing, feeling, and perceiving) personality type.
D) Because of her basic anxiety, Rose is using a psychological defense mechanism called denial.

Question 39

According to findings in the field of behavioral genetics:

A) personality is almost entirely determined by environmental factors, with little contribution from genetic influences.
B) personality is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little contribution from environmental factors.
C) an individual's personality is largely determined by emergenic traits that tend to run in families.
D) both genes and environmental factors influence some personality traits.

Question 40

Personality theories can generally be grouped under four main perspectives: psychoanalytic, humanistic, social cognitive, and trait theories.

A) True
B) False

Question 41

According to Freud, newborn infants are in the latency stage of psychosexual development.

A) True
B) False

Question 42

The term neo-Freudians refers to a group of psychoanalysts who followed Freud in stressing the importance of unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences but developed their own personality theories.

A) True
B) False

Question 43

The superego is the internal representation of parental and societal values.

A) True
B) False

Question 44

According to Freud, the newborn's personality is completely dominated by the ego.

A) True
B) False

Question 45

When demands from either the id or the superego threaten to overwhelm the ego, anxiety results.

A) True
B) False

Question 46

Carolina's boss reprimanded her for not wearing appropriate attire to work. She was angry at her boss because he scolded her in front of the entire office. Instead of releasing her anger on her boss, Carolina went home and kicked her dog as soon as it approached her. Carolina's behavior illustrates the ego defense mechanism of sublimation.

A) True
B) False

Question 47

The ego is ruled by the pleasure principle.

A) True
B) False

Question 48

Displacement is an ego defense mechanism that involves attributing your own unacceptable feelings or characteristics to another person.

A) True
B) False

Question 49

Freud believed that the most basic ego defense mechanism was repression.

A) True
B) False

Question 50

As a child, Dan loved to prance around the neighborhood wearing silly outfits. As he got older, he realized that he couldn't continue that kind of behavior unless he found some more socially acceptable place for it. Upon realizing this, Dan decided to pursue a career as a circus clown. According to Freud, Dan's ego, which operates on the reality principle, is responsible for finding a socially acceptable outlet for his desire to run around wearing silly outfits.

A) True
B) False

Question 51

Children express sexual urges freely during the latency stage of Freud's psychosexual stages.

A) True
B) False

Question 52

Only people who are seriously troubled or psychologically disturbed use ego defense mechanisms, which are almost always a sign that a serious mental disorder is present.

A) True
B) False

Question 53

The reality principle requires the capacity to postpone gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist in the external world.

A) True
B) False

Question 54

Six months after the divorce was finalized, Morgan continued to refer to Eric as her husband rather than as her ex-husband. This is an example of denial.

A) True
B) False

Question 55

According to Freud, if you are a food-craving, sex-driven, face-punching individual, you are embracing the superego side of your personality. If you are on the other extreme and never do anything outside of your strict moral guidelines, you are embracing the id side of your personality.

A) True
B) False

Question 56

According to Freud, identification involves a child imitating and internalizing the same-sex parent's values, attitudes, and mannerisms.

A) True
B) False

Question 57

In Freud's theory, the correct order of the psychosexual stages is: (1) oral, (2) anal, (3) phallic, (4) latency, and (5) genital stages.

A) True
B) False

Question 58

According to Freud's theory, if the ego is unable to identify a socially acceptable way to satisfy an instinctual urge, the urge may be repressed and become unconscious.

A) True
B) False

Question 59

For boys, successfully resolving the Oedipus complex involves the development of the incest taboo and identification with the father.

A) True
B) False

Question 60

Although they have been broken up for months, Hector still bought Shivangi flowers and chocolates for Valentine's Day. Hector is engaging in the ego defense mechanism called denial.

A) True
B) False

Question 61

According to the humanistic perspective in psychology, an individual's subjective perception of himself or herself is the most important factor in personality.

A) True
B) False

Question 62

Both Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers believed that people are inherently motivated to strive to fulfill their potential.

A) True
B) False

Question 63

The third force in psychology refers to the behavioral genetic approach to studying personality.

A) True
B) False

Question 64

Research evidence strongly supports Carl Jung's contention that archetypes are genetically passed from one generation to the next.

A) True
B) False

Question 65

In contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology takes an optimistic view of human nature and emphasizes the study of the healthy personality.

A) True
B) False

Question 66

Because Freud's ideas have been confirmed by extensive experimental evidence, contemporary psychologists believe that his psychoanalytic theory is still the most accurate depiction of human personality.

A) True
B) False

Question 67

Carl Rogers believed that parents could effectively discipline their children while still providing unconditional positive regard.

A) True
B) False

Question 68

According to Carl Rogers, the need to maintain a self-concept is so strong that people will deny or distort experiences that contradict their self-concept.

A) True
B) False

Question 69

According to Alfred Adler, young children experience universal feelings of basic anxiety, motivating them to strive for independence.

A) True
B) False

Question 70

Alfred Adler held that the most fundamental human motive was striving for superiority.

A) True
B) False

Question 71

According to Karen Horney, men compensate for their inability to bear children through their careers and other creative pursuits.

A) True
B) False

Question 72

In Carl Jung's theory of personality, culturally universal themes such as the hero, the nurturing mother, the powerful father, and the innocent child are archetypes.

A) True
B) False

Question 73

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were key figures in the development of the social cognitive theory of personality.

A) True
B) False

Question 74

One strength of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that key motives, like libido, Thanatos, and Eros, can be operationally defined and easily measured.

A) True
B) False

Question 75

Psychologist Carl Rogers maintained that the most effective child-rearing practices involve conditional positive regard.

A) True
B) False

Question 76

According to Albert Bandura, the most basic human motive is the actualizing tendency, the drive to maintain and enhance the self.

A) True
B) False

Question 77

According to Sigmund Freud, the collective unconscious is the deepest part of the unconscious, which is shared by all people and reflects human evolutionary history.

A) True
B) False

Question 78

Karen Horney, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler agreed with Freud that early childhood experiences and unconscious mental processes are very important, but disagreed with Freud's view that sexuality is the primary human motive.

A) True
B) False

Question 79

One of Freud's most significant contributions was his drawing attention to the importance of mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness, an idea that contemporary researchers continue to actively investigate.

A) True
B) False

Question 80

It was the famous psychoanalyst Alfred Adler who said, "To be human means to have inferiority feelings….But in the mentally healthy person this inferiority feeling acts as a motive for productivity, as a motive for attempting to overcome obstacles, to maintain oneself in life."

A) True
B) False