Deck 12: Hearing II: Location and Organization

Question 1

 From the auditory nerve, information is passed through a sequence of subcortical structures. Which of the following reflects the correct sequence

A) medial geniculate nucleus, cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus, and inferior colliculus
B) cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, and medial geniculate nucleus
C) superior olivary nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus, cochlear nucleus, and inferior colliculus
D) medial geniculate nucleus, inferior colliculus, cochlear nucleus, and superior olivary nucleus

Answer 1

B

Question 2

 Gardner and Gardner showed that smoothing out the nooks of the pinnae _____.

A) results in more accurate localization on all coordinates
B) makes it more difficult to locate sounds along the elevation coordinate
C) results in more accurate localization along the elevation coordinate
D) does not affect spectral cues for localization

Answer 2

B

Question 3

 The precedence effect occurs when _____.

A) the listener perceives the fused sound from two speakers to be originating from the lead speaker
B) the listener perceives the fused sound from two speakers to be originating from the lag speaker
C) the listener cannot fuse the sound from two speakers because the lead speaker is too loud
D) the listener cannot fuse the sound from two speakers because the lag speaker is too loud

Answer 3

A

Question 4

 Spectral cues for auditory localization are provided by _____.

A) the frequency of the sound wave
B) the interaural level difference
C) the head position and the pinnae
D) the motion of the stimulus

Question 5

 Coincidence detectors _____.

A) fire when the ITD equals 0
B) fire when the ITD is greater than 20
C) have been found in humans, but not in non-mammals
D) fire when the ILD is greater than 50

Question 6

 Recanzone (2000) examined localization in A1 and the auditory belt area in monkeys. Results indicated that _____.

A) the posterior belt area is not involved in localization
B) A1 provides the most specific localization information?
C) localization coded the same throughout the auditory cortex
D) the posterior belt area provides more specific localization then A1

Question 7

 The neural basis of binaural localization begins along the pathway to the brain, in the _____.

A) medial geniculate nucleus
B) cochlear nucleus
C) inferior colliculus
D) superior olivary nucleus

Question 8

 Which auditory localization dimension extends from left to right

A) elevation
B) depth
C) azimuth
D) time

Question 9

 Hofmann et al. had participants wear artificial pinnae for about three weeks. What did they find

A) Participants could not adapt to wearing the artificial pinnae.?
B) Participants adapted in about 19 days, but then could not accurately localize sounds when they removed the artificial pinnae.
C) Participants adapted in about 19 days, and then could accurately localize sounds when they removed the artificial pinnae.
D) Participants could not localize sounds along the azimuth with the new pinnae, but could localize sounds along the elevation coordinate after 3 days of adaptation.

Question 10

 In the precedence effect, the sound from the far speaker _____.

A) does not contribute to the perception of the sound
B) only helps sound localization if the time difference is less than 5 milliseconds
C) only helps sound localization if the time difference is less than 2 milliseconds
D) contributes to the quality of the sound

Question 11

 What is the dominant cue for locating low-frequency sounds along the azimuth

A) The ITD is dominant.
B) The ILD is dominant.
C) The ITD and ILD are equally effective.
D) Only the HRTF is used.

Question 12

 If there is an interaural time difference, we interpret the sound as coming from _____.

A) directly in front of us
B) directly behind us
C) the side
D) directly above us

Question 13

 The _____ is composed of the locations where the ILD and ITD are the same.

A) common region
B) cone of confusion
C) inverse acoustic range
D) Jeffries tube

Question 14

 The horizontal axis in auditory localization is called the _____.

A) elevation
B) depth
C) azimuth
D) bradburthy

Question 15

 Interaural time difference detectors _____.

A) have not been found in the monkey auditory cortex?
B) have been discovered in the monkey occipital cortex
C) have been found in the monkey auditory cortex that responds best to specific delays
D) have been found in the monkey auditory cortex, but do not differentially respond to different delays

Question 16

 McAlpine's research on gerbils provides evidence for _____.

A) narrowly tuned ITD neurons?
B) broadly tuned ITD neurons
C) specificity-coding in the auditory cortex
D) narrowly tuned spectral neurons

Question 17

 Sound that reaches the ears after bouncing off a wall or a floor is called _____.

A) direct sound
B) indirect sound
C) virtual sound
D) harmonics

Question 18

 The cue of interaural level difference is _____.

A) not effective for low-frequency sound stimuli
B) equally effective for high- and low-frequency sound stimuli
C) not effective for high-frequency sound stimuli
D) only effective for middle-frequency sound stimuli

Question 19

 Interaural level differences are a cue to auditory localization because the _____.

A) person's head creates an acoustic shadow that prevents high-frequency sounds from reaching the far ear
B) person's head creates an acoustic shadow that prevents low-frequency sounds from reaching the far ear
C) medium through which the sound travels can be air, liquid, or solid
D) acoustic shadow is more likely to occur in an enclosed space than outdoors

Question 20

 Patient J.G. has temporal lobe damage. While this has not affected his ability to locate sounds, he has difficulty recognizing sounds. This case provides evidence for _____.

A) the Jeffress model of auditory localization
B) what and where pathways in audition
C) the existence of separate subcortical structures
D) how and where pathways in audition

Question 21

 Leighton Concert Hall, in the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center at the University of Notre Dame, has an innovative design that _____.

A) includes seat cushions with the same absorption properties as an average person?
B) allows reverberation time to be adjusted between 1.4 and 2.6 seconds
C) lengthens intimacy time to be between 30 and 50 ms
D) permits reverberation times of 3.6 seconds for opera performances

Question 22

 The time between when sound arrives directly from the stage and when the first reflection arrives is called the _____.

A) intimacy time
B) spaciousness factor
C) bass ratio
D) reverberation time

Question 23

 Vision is to figure-ground segregation as audition is to _____.

A) the ecological approach
B) intimacy
C) auditory scene analysis
D) Fourier analysis

Question 24

 The effects of _____ are responsible for melody schema.

A) proximity
B) pragnanz
C) location
D) experience

Question 25

 Some people who are blind are able to use echolocation to locate objects and perceive shapes by making clicking noises and listening to the reverberations. When expert echolocators use this technique, _____.

A) they have 45% more activation in their frontal lobes than sighted individuals
B) they rely only on activation from the occipital lobe
C) the clicking sounds activate the auditory and visual cortices
D) the clicking sounds activate A1 but not subcortical structures

Question 26

 What did the designers of The Walt Disney Hall do to maximize acoustics

A) Seat cushions were designed to absorb the same amount as an average person.
B) Increased the middle frequency to high frequency ratio.
C) Designed the hall to have an ideal reverberation time of 2.0 seconds.
D) Eliminated any indirect sound so that direct sound is maximized.

Question 27

 In the research of de Haas and colleagues (2012) on the connections between hearing, when a single dot is flashed onto a screen, the subject perceives one flash. When a single beep is presented at the same time as the dot, the subject still perceives one flash. When two beeps are presented at the same time as the dot, _____.

A) the subjects perceive a single flash
B) the subjects perceive two flashes
C) only individuals like musicians, for whom auditory input is especially relevant, perceive two flashes
D) only individuals like visual artists, for whom visual input is especially relevant, perceive two flashes

Question 28

 The anecdote about the construction of New York's Philharmonic Hall demonstrates that _____.

A) an ideal reverberation time does not always predict good acoustics
B) an ideal reverberation time always predicts good acoustics
C) musicians should design symphony halls
D) the MLD is more important than the ILD in architectural acoustics

Question 29

 The importance of similarity of timbre as auditory grouping principle has been supported by _____.

A) attack and decay functions
B) auditory stream segregation
C) location restoration effect
D) compound timbre line

Question 30

 The separation of different sound sources into perceptually different streams is called _____ by musicians.

A) timbre segregation
B) pitch discrimination
C) locational timbre
D) implied polyphony

Question 31

 The major concern involved in architectural acoustics is how _____.

A) indirect sound changes sound quality
B) indirect sound affects VAS
C) direct sound changes sound quality
D) direct sound affects VAS

Question 32

 Seven-month-old infants listened to a regular repeating ambiguous rhythm while they were bounced up and down at two bounces per beat or at three bounces per beat. Later, they were tested to see how they had perceived the rhythm. The results suggest that _____.

A) the infants perceived the rhythm as presented - ambiguous
B) the infants always perceived the rhythm as occurring in twos
C) the infants' perception was influenced by how they were bounced
D) the vestibular system is not involved in auditory perception and movement

Question 33

 Warren et al. presented listeners with tones that were either (1) interrupted with silent gaps; or (2) interrupted with gaps of noise. The results showed _____.

A) both conditions resulted in listeners hearing a continuous tone
B) both conditions resulted in listeners hearing bursts of separate tones
C) the noise condition resulted in listeners hearing a continuous tone
D) the silent gap condition resulted in listeners hearing a continuous tone

Question 34

 The time that it takes a sound to decrease to _____ of its original level is the reverberation time.

A) 1/1000th?
B) 1/100th
C) 1/10th
D) 1/5th

Question 35

 Melodic channeling, or the scale illusion, is based on the auditory grouping law _____.

A) location
B) similarity of pitch
C) onset
D) offset

Question 36

 Infant studies reveal that the dominant stress patterns of their native language can influence perception grouping by _____.

A) 1 to 2 months of age
B) 5 to 6 months of age
C) 7 to 8 months of age
D) 10 to 12 months of age

Question 37

 The ratio of low frequencies to middle frequencies that are reflected from walls and other surfaces is called the _____.

A) intimacy time?
B) spaciousness factor
C) bass ratio
D) reverberation time

Question 38

 The fraction of all of the sound received by a listener that is indirect sound is called the _____.

A) intimacy time
B) spaciousness factor
C) bass ratio
D) reverberation time

Question 39

 The "ideal" reverberation time for symphony halls is _____.

A) 50 milliseconds
B) 500 milliseconds
C) 2 seconds
D) 7 seconds

Question 40

 The ventriloquism effect is _____.

A) a veridical representation of the physical stimuli
B) an example of how vision influences auditory perception
C) a strictly physiological effect
D) when dummy variables are used in statistical analyses

Question 41

 Describe the method, results, and implications of the Hofmann et al. research on the role of spectral cues for localization.

Question 42

 What factors are important to consider when designing concert halls?

Question 43

 What is meter and what is known about the processing of meter in the brain?

Question 44

 Describe how dominant stress patterns of your native language can affect perception of meter. When does this influence develop?

Question 45

 What is "melody schema"
Discuss the support for this concept.

Question 46

 Define visual capture and give examples of this concept.

Question 47

 Discuss research that shows that similarity of pitch and timbre affects auditory grouping.

Question 48

 What are the two binaural auditory localization cues
Why do they occur
How is sound frequency related to these cues?

Question 49

 What is meant by "the beat" and how is "the beat" processed in the brain?

Question 50

 Describe the Jeffress model of auditory localization.