Deck 3: The Positive School

Question 1

The Positivist approach is also known as ____________ according to theorists today.

Answer 1

Modernism

Question 2

Gabriel Tarde introduced the notion that behavior, including criminal acts, involved a process of:

A) Denial.
B) Imitation.
C) Consensus.
D) Conflict.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Henry Goddard's well known study of the lineage of a criminogenic family in the U.S. was called:

A) The Jukes.
B) The Dugdales.
C) The Kalllikaks.
D) The Feebleminded.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The concept of somatotypes deals with:

A) Very complex types of structural theory.
B) Bumps on the head.
C) General body structures.
D) Recessive genes.

Question 5

Cesare Lombroso's work included which of the following thoughts?

A) The major explanation of criminality is environmental
B) Social factors easily overcome biological factors to produce criminality
C) Criminals are not as highly evolved as noncriminals
D) Fashion and custom explain how crime techniques evolve.

Question 6

Early positivists opposed the view that criminals were not as fully evolved as other members of western societies.

Question 7

Which of the following is frequently referred to as the "father of sociology?"

A) Guerry
B) Garofalo
C) Lombroso
D) Comte

Question 8

All of the following are true about positivism EXCEPT:

A) There are two forms: 18^th Century Enlightenment and Logical Positivism.
B) It is more deterministic than Classical thought allowed.
C) It seeks to classify and categorize topics of crime being studied.
D) It rejects the idea that human existence can be improved or perfected.

Question 9

Cognitive theory dwells on the differences in thinking patterns between "normal" and criminal individuals.

Question 10

A contribution of Raffaele Garofalo was the concept of :

A) Psychic anomaly.
B) Atavism.
C) Social disorganization.
D) Imitation.

Question 11

The two family lineage studies conducted around 1900 that were used to link feeblemindedness and other inherited traits to crime were the Jukes and the ___________.

Question 12

One of the primary areas for applying biosocial crime theory today is in crime prevention.

Question 13

Italian theorist Enrico Ferri argued that any given area would only support a certain amount of crime, an idea he called the Law of Criminal _______________.

Question 14

Learning theory explores the potential for television to result in negative modeling and the imitation of aggression.

Question 15

Which statement about the assumptions of the Positive School is FALSE?

A) Offenders' sentences should be indeterminate
B) It is up to scientific experts to determine proper treatments for offenders
C) Theories developed under Positivism are basically consensus oriented
D) An individual's civil rights should be the primary concern in any treatment process

Question 16

An approach to explaining criminality that emphasized bumps on the head was:

A) Phrenology.
B) Morphology.
C) Lumpology.
D) Feeblemindedness.

Question 17

Lombroso designated three other types of criminals to further differentiate from his "born criminal" that included all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is NOT one of Lombroso's classifications?

A) The insane criminal
B) The occasional criminal
C) The epileptic criminal
D) The eugenic criminal

Question 18

Yochelson and Samenow worked with inmates at St. Elizabeth's Hospital to develop their theory of the criminal ___________.

Question 19

Work on the "criminal personality" that claimed offenders demonstrated 52 different thinking disorders was done by:

A) B.F. Skinner.
B) Hans Eysenck.
C) Samenow and Yochelson.
D) Wilson and Herrnstein.

Question 20

William Healy was the mathematician who applied probability theory to produce the concept of the "average man."

Question 21

What do we know today about the relationship between IQ and crime?

Question 22

Describe the study of body types.

Question 23

Eysenck theory of personality had three meaningful components: psychoticism, extraversion and _______________.

Question 24

Discuss the scientific method and how it was first used by early positivists.

Question 25

Compare and contrast the Positivists and the Classicalists on their views of human nature and their views of the justice system.

Question 26

Outline the factors that contributed to the intellectual heritage of Positivism.

Question 27

What is meant by the concept of atavism?