Deck 8: Labeling Theory

Question 1

Labeling theory is an offshoot of:

A) Subculture theory.
B) Differential opportunity theory.
C) Anomie theory.
D) Symbolic interactionism.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a policy implication of labeling theory?

A) Diversion
B) Due process
C) Deportation
D) Deinstitutionalization

Answer 2

C

Question 3

To refer to deviants, Howard Becker used the term, ________ also the title of his book

Answer 3

Outsiders

Question 4

Labeling researchers focus on "extra legal" variables to explain differences in arrest and prosecution rates as well as sentencing disparity.

Question 5

The text argues that diversion did not reduce the use of labeling and in fact, it increased the number of children brought into the system, an effect we refer to as _______________.

Question 6

For Frank Tannenbaum, the process of labeling or tagging someone contained the steps of:

A) Organizing, mollifying and condemning.
B) Creating, demonizing and demoting.
C) Defining, identifying and segregating.
D) Separating, highlighting and shunning.

Question 7

For criminals, an offense can permanently alter one's identity, and the idea that they now become known solely for that one past act is called:

A) Retributive imaging
B) Responsive shaming
C) Primary persona
D) Master status

Question 8

In order to avoid the negative effects that labeling and institutionalization had on youth, Director Jerome Miller, closed all the juvenile institutions in his state which was: ______________.

Question 9

According to Schur, the three audiences of societal reaction include each of the following EXCEPT:

A) Social-control-agency
B) Significant-other
C) Society-at-large
D) Enemy-subculture

Question 10

Labeling theory can be best classified as:

A) Classical, process and conflict oriented
B) Classical, structural and consensus oriented
C) Positivist, process and consensus oriented
D) None of the above

Question 11

Labeling theory, as opposed to most other criminological theories, asks:

A) Why was the person designated as deviant?
B) What caused the person to act in a deviant manner?
C) Why do people obey the laws of society?
D) How did this particular act, and not another, take place?

Question 12

Labeling theory originated in the early 1980s.

Question 13

To reconstruct the identity of someone as deviant based on new views of their prior behavior is called:

A) Secondary deviance.
B) Retrospective interpretation.
C) Stigma deactivation.
D) Deviance in remission.

Question 14

According to the Schwartz and Skolnick study:

A) Women in non-traditional jobs are more likely to be negatively labeled.
B) Any contact with the criminal justice system seems to impact future jobs.
C) Juveniles whose folders were thicker were regarded as more dangerous.
D) Politicians voted on legislation based on the title not the content of laws.

Question 15

According to labeling theory, those who engage in criminal behavior are not synonymous with those who are labeled criminal.

Question 16

Instead of the term "label", Frank Tannenbaum referred to a ________ in his 1938 book Crime and the Community.

Question 17

Edwin Schur argued that _________ crimes should not be part of the criminal justice system.

Question 18

The concept of master status implies that certain people have a right to dominate others.

Question 19

According to Becker, the four types of deviant behavior are:

A) Falsely accused, pure deviant, conforming and rebellious
B) Pure deviant, conforming, secret deviant, and ritualistic deviant
C) Falsely accused, pure deviant, conforming and secret deviant
D) Pure deviant, ritualistic deviant, conforming and secret deviant

Question 20

According to Goffman, a courtesy stigma was when a youth was labeled deviant just because he was polite and well-mannered

Question 21

Why does labeling seem different from other crime theories?

Question 22

According to Edwin Lemert, how does labeling cause deviance?

Question 23

Explain how labeling theory is classified according to the categories used in each chapter of this text.

Question 24

Explain briefly the typology of deviants that Gusfield uses to explain their role in the social order.

Question 25

Describe the concept of shaming and how it relates to labeling.

Question 26

Explain what is meant by the "dramatization of evil" and how it relates to labeling.