Deck 10: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Question 1

 The increase in depression from preschool to elementary school is not likely to be a reflection of ____.

A) biological maturation
B) growing self-awareness
C) growing cognitive capacity
D) increased performance and social pressures

Answer 1

biological maturation

Question 2

 The increase in depression from childhood to adolescence appears to be largely a result of ____.

A) biological maturation
B) increased cognitive capacity
C) growing self-awareness
D) substance use

Answer 2

biological maturation

Question 3

 Which of the following occurs more frequently in younger than older individuals?

A) Depressed appearance
B) Irritability
C) Somatic complaints
D) Phobias

Answer 3

Irritability

Question 4

 Children with major depressive disorder are at greater risk than adults for developing ____.

A) bipolar disorder
B) somatoform disorder
C) schizophrenia
D) panic disorder

Question 5

 ____ is one of the most common symptoms of depression in children, occurring in about 80% of clinic-referred youngsters with depression.

A) Irritability
B) Anger
C) Grandiosity
D) Inattention

Question 6

 Which of the following is least likely to be a symptom of MDD?

A) Significant weight loss or gain
B) Insomnia
C) Hyperactivity
D) Diminished ability to think or concentrate

Question 7

 The most frequent co-occurring disorder(s) in clinic-referred youngsters with major depressive disorder is/are ____.

A) conduct disorders
B) ADHD
C) anxiety disorders
D) somatoform disorders

Question 8

 Anaclitic depression was the term used by Renee Spitz in the 1940s to describe the pattern of behavior he saw in ____.

A) emotionally deprived infants
B) abused toddlers
C) pregnant adolescents
D) bereaved children

Question 9

 The increase in depression in young people has been attributed, at least in part, to

A) poorer childhood nutrition leading to disrupted neurological development.
B) media influences leading children to feel hopeless about the future.
C) rapid social change leading to increased stress levels for young people.
D) increased awareness of symptoms of depression in youth leading to an increase in the number of children seen in clinics for diagnoses.

Question 10

 A state of prolonged bouts of sadness is called ____.

A) dysphoria
B) dysthymia
C) anhedonia
D) depression

Question 11

 The lifetime prevalence rate of depression in adolescents is as high as ____.

A) 5%
B) 7%
C) 20%
D) 40%

Question 12

 The earlier concept of "masked" depression was that ____.

A) children wear a characteristic "mask" of depression, including downcast eyes and downturned mouth
B) depression is difficult to diagnose in children because they "mask" their feelings with a happy face
C) children purposely conceal or "mask" their depression so as to avoid treatment
D) depression could be "masked" or concealed by a variety of other behaviors, and thus, any clinical symptom could be evidence of underlying depression

Question 13

 Children who experience depression ____.

A) rarely attempt suicide
B) rarely relapse
C) typically make a full recovery on their own
D) are at risk for future depressive episodes

Question 14

 Young people suffering from severe depression often exhibit symptoms on a spectrum that include ____ in levels of severity.

A) comorbid behavior problems
B) sleep difficulties
C) suicidal ideation

Question 15

 Prevalence estimates for major depressive disorder in all children ages 4 to 18 range from ____.

A) 0.3% to 1%
B) 2% to 8%
C) 10% to 15%
D) 20% to 25%

Question 16

 When symptoms of depressed mood occur for most of the day, on most days, and persist for at least one year, that is known as ____.

A) major depressive disorder (MDD)
B) persistent depressive disorder (P-DD)
C) chronic depressive symptoms disorder (CDSD)
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

Question 17

 Major depressive disorder in children is more likely to occur after the onset of all other psychiatric disorders, except for ____.

A) bipolar disorder
B) separation anxiety disorder
C) ADHD
D) substance abuse

Question 18

 The earlier and mistaken belief that children could not suffer from depression was rooted in ____.

A) biological findings
B) psychoanalytic theory
C) behavioral theory
D) cognitive theory

Question 19

 Prospective studies of children and adolescents have found that the age of onset for the first depressive episode is usually ____ years.

A) 7 to 10
B) 10 to 12
C) 13 to 15
D) 16 to 18

Question 20

 Which of the following is NOT a type of disorder associated with depression?

A) Major depressive disorder (MDD)
B) Persistent depressive disorder (P-DD)
C) Chronic depressive symptoms disorder (CDSD)
D) Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

Question 21

 Which theory of depression claims that depression is related to a lack of response-contingent positive reinforcement?

A) Psychodynamic
B) Behavioral
C) Cognitive
D) Attachment

Question 22

 The most prevalent co-occurring disorder/s with dysthymic disorder is/are ____.

A) anxiety disorders
B) ADHD
C) conduct disorders
D) major depressive disorder

Question 23

 Which of the following statements about suicide is true?

A) Suicidal attempts are only specific to depression.
B) Drug overdose and wrist cutting are the most common means for adolescents who successfully complete suicide.
C) Most youngsters with depression report suicidal thinking.
D) Suicide attempts of youngsters with depression almost never occur during times when they are symptom-free.

Question 24

 Which of the following statements about DMDD is true?

A) It occurs fairly evenly between males and females.
B) Effective courses of treatment for DMDD are unknown.
C) It has high comorbidity with BP.
D) It does not have a significant effect on peer relationships.

Question 25

 Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in the prevalence of depression among males and females?

A) Throughout the lifespan, females are more likely to suffer from depression than males.
B) Depression is equally common among preadolescent boys and girls, but after about age 13, the rate is higher for females.
C) Depression is equally common among boys and girls in childhood and adolescence, but after about age 18, the rate is higher for females.
D) Females are more likely to suffer from depression at all ages, but only when there is a comorbid anxiety disorder.

Question 26

 Which of these diagnostic statements about DMDD is false?

A) It cannot coexist with a diagnosis of MDD.
B) Associated moods must have an onset prior to age 10.
C) It cannot coexist with a diagnosis of ODD.
D) It cannot coexist with a diagnosis of BP.

Question 27

 Information-processing biases displayed by depressed individuals ____.

A) are errors in thinking in specific situations
B) are negative effortful thoughts
C) often include thoughts of past accomplishments
D) are based on poor faulty memory systems

Question 28

 The "cognitive triad" refers to ____.

A) the three parts of the brain that process information
B) attending to, processing, and interpreting information
C) the three cognitive theorists who have advanced our understanding of depression
D) a depressed individual's negative outlook about one's self, the world, and the future

Question 29

 The fact that depression occurs in many youngsters who do not experience loss or rejection, and does not occur in many children who do, is support against which theory of depression?

A) Psychodynamic
B) Cognitive
C) Behavioral
D) Attachment

Question 30

 A recent study found that in transition from adolescence to young adulthood, depressive symptoms were highest for which ethnic/racial groups?

A) Hispanic and Asian
B) Caucasian and African American
C) Hispanic and African American
D) Caucasian and Asian

Question 31

 A history of depression during the school years increases the risk for later ____.

A) resilience
B) suicidal behavior
C) underemployment
D) aggressive behavior

Question 32

 Youngsters who have an onset of depression prior to age 15 and a recurrent episode prior to age 20 are likely to ____.

A) have mild depression as a younger teen
B) recover from their depressive episode faster in adulthood
C) have mild depression as a teen, but chronic depression as an adult
D) have severe depression as a teen and poor psychosocial outcomes as a young adult

Question 33

 The ____ theory of depression focuses on parental separation and disruption of a bond as predisposing factors for depression.

A) psychodynamic
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) attachment

Question 34

 Double depression occurs when ____.

A) MDD is superimposed on P-DD
B) the symptoms of P-DD last at least two years or longer
C) children experience twice the normal symptoms of P-DD
D) the symptoms of DMDD occur simultaneously with those of P-DD

Question 35

 Adolescent girls may be at higher risk for depression if they have a history of ____.

A) interpersonal stress and lack of social support
B) under average height
C) lower levels of testosterone and estrogen at puberty
D) longer friendships with others who are depressed

Question 36

 The central feature of _______ is chronic, severe persistent irritability.

A) major depressive disorder (MDD)
B) persistent depressive disorder (P-DD)
C) chronic depressive symptoms disorder (CDSD)
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

Question 37

 Which symptom interferes with normal youth development of interpersonal relationships?

A) Sleeplessness
B) Agitation
C) Social withdrawal
D) Somatic complaints

Question 38

 The increased risk for depression among adolescent girls compared to boys has been attributed to ____.

A) changes in brain structure
B) gender identity issues
C) their tendency to use ruminative coping styles to deal with stress
D) less willingness to cooperate

Question 39

 ____ are the negative perceptual and attributional styles and beliefs associated with depressive symptoms.

A) Depressed thoughts
B) Cognitive delusions
C) Depressogenic cognitions
D) Destructive cognitions

Question 40

 Depression-prone individuals tend to make ______ attributions for the causes of negative events.

A) external, unstable, and global
B) external, stable, and specific
C) internal, stable, and global
D) internal, unstable, and specific

Question 41

 Dr. Smith prescribes Sally a certain medication for the treatment of bipolar disorder; it causes weight gain. Which treatment is Sally taking?

A) Risperidone
B) Alprazolam
C) Valproate
D) Fluoxetine

Question 42

 ____ view youngsters with depression as having difficulty organizing their behavior in relation to long-term goals.

A) Interpersonal models
B) Self-control theories
C) Socioenvironmental models
D) Neurobiological models

Question 43

 Brain imaging studies in adolescents with bipolar disorder point to abnormalities in parts of the brain that ____.

A) regulate emotion
B) plan executive functions
C) control memory
D) regulate sleep patterns

Question 44

 Which diagnosis is a child least likely to receive?

A) Major depressive disorder
B) Bipolar I disorder
C) Bipolar II disorder
D) Cyclothymic disorder

Question 45

 Children or adolescents who display numerous and persistent hypomanic and depressive symptoms can be classified as having ____.

A) bipolar I disorder
B) bipolar II disorder
C) double depression
D) cyclothymic disorder

Question 46

 The only SSRI that is currently FDA approved for the treatment of depression in children is ____.

A) paroxetine (Paxil)
B) fluoxetine (Prozac)
C) sertraline (Zoloft)
D) none are approved

Question 47

 In comparison to nondepressed children, those with depression experience ____ in the year preceding their depression.

A) fewer friendship changes
B) fewer daily hassles
C) more severe stressful events and more daily hassles
D) more resilience

Question 48

 A therapy for young people that focuses on helping the youth become more aware of pessimistic and negative thoughts, as well as causal attributions of self-blame for failure, is known as ____.

A) CBT
B) behavior therapy
C) cognitive therapy
D) ITP-A

Question 49

 The most successful treatment/s for major depressive disorder is/are ____.

A) nondirective supportive therapy
B) family therapy
C) psychoanalytic therapy
D) CBT and IPT-A

Question 50

 The single best predictor of a child's risk for major depressive disorder is ____.

A) drug use
B) family history of depression
C) psychosocial problems
D) academic problems

Question 51

 In general, ____ is the first choice in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

A) cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) interpersonal therapy
C) lithium
D) family therapy

Question 52

 Due to recent findings of possible increased risk of suicide and self-harm of young people using SSRIs to treat depression, the FDA has mandated ____.

A) parents be well-informed and monitor their children closely
B) warning labels on medication and patient education guides
C) that children and adolescents should not be prescribed SSRIs
D) that SSRIs be prescribed in combination with psychotherapy

Question 53

 Common symptoms of BP that are present in years preceding an initial manic episode include all of the following EXCEPT ___________.

A) insomnia
B) indecisiveness
C) diminished ability to think
D) lethargy or lack of energy

Question 54

 What is not a typical characteristic of families of children with depression?

A) Less warmth
B) Less support
C) Poor communication
D) Underinvolvement

Question 55

 Which of the following regarding bipolar disorder in young people is false?

A) Manic episodes in their fully developed state are clearly different usual behavior.
B) Girls are more commonly diagnosed with bipolar disorder than boys.
C) Bipolar disorder is extremely rare in young children.
D) Rates of bipolar disorder are higher in clinical samples.

Question 56

 Which disorder is least likely to co-occur with bipolar disorder in young people?

A) Mental retardation
B) ADHD
C) Anxiety disorders
D) Substance abuse

Question 57

 Children of depressed parents have a higher rate of ____.

A) conflict with siblings
B) eating disorders
C) physical injuries
D) sexual abuse

Question 58

 In general, brain activity in youths with depression is LESS active than normal in regions of the brain associated with which of the following?

A) Recognizing and regulating emotions
B) Sensory processes
C) Mediating stress responses
D) Learning and recalling emotion-arousing memories

Question 59

 Bipolar disorder appears to be the result of ____.

A) genetic vulnerability
B) environmental factors
C) genetic vulnerability in combination with environmental factors
D) untreated major depressive disorder

Question 60

 Regarding bipolar disorder, boys display ____.

A) more depressed mood than girls
B) later onset than girls
C) more severity than girls
D) more manic behaviors than girls

Question 61

 What approach is used in "The ACTION" for treating children with depression and their families? Describe "The ACTION" program.

Question 62

 What reasons have been put forth for the increase in depression from the preschool to elementary school years and from childhood to adolescence?

Question 63

 Compare and contrast behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, CBT, ITP-A, and medication as treatments for young people with depression.

Question 64

 How do the symptomatic presentations of depression in preschoolers, school-aged children, preteens, and teens differ? How are they the same?

Question 65

 What role do cognitive deficits and cognitive distortions play in depression?

Question 66

 Distinguish between depression as a symptom, syndrome, and disorder.

Question 67

 What are some of the characteristics of a family with a depressed child? Of a family with a depressed parent?

Question 68

 Distinguish between manic, mixed, and hypomanic episodes.

Question 69

 Distinguish between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder.

Question 70

 What is the role of the family in the development and maintenance of depression in young people?

Question 71

 Why do mood disorders in children frequently go undetected?

Question 72

 Identify and describe common co-occurring disorders for youths with bipolar disorder.

Question 73

 How is self-esteem related to depression in children?

Question 74

 What are some of the concerns with medications such as lithium in treating a child who has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder?

Question 75

 Explain some of the concerns of treating young people with depression with medications.