Deck 12: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Question 1

 If a child with a diagnosed psychological disorder (e.g., depression) was also being abused, the maltreatment would be noted in the ____ based on the DSM-5.

A) Axis I category
B) extra comments section of the assessment
C) progress notes but not the diagnosis
D) other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention category

Answer 1

other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention category

Question 2

 ____ exists to some degree in all forms of maltreatment, making it difficult to define the consequences.

A) Emotional abuse
B) Physical abuse
C) Emotional neglect
D) Physical neglect

Answer 2

Emotional abuse

Question 3

 An example of emotional child neglect would be ____________.

A) an infant who had to be hospitalized for near drowning after being left alone in a bathtub
B) a 2-year-old found wandering in the street late at night, naked and alone
C) an 11-year-old who is chronically truant
D) a child whose mother helped him shoot out the windows of a neighbor's house

Answer 3

a child whose mother helped him shoot out the windows of a neighbor's house

Question 4

 Allostatic load refers to ____________.

A) a measure of how much stress teens can safely handle
B) the biological response of a stressful event on a child
C) the progressive wear and tear on biological systems due to the effects of chronic stress
D) an indicator of the effects of child maltreatment on a child's outlook

Question 5

 How do cultural norms influence the prevalence of sexual abuse?

A) Children are portrayed erotically.
B) Children observe sex play.
C) Children are not valued by parents.
D) Children with anxiety are more likely to be abused.

Question 6

 Which of the following is NOT among the worst and most intrusive forms of childhood stress and trauma?

A) Child maltreatment
B) Stressful incidents, such as terrorist attacks or hurricanes
C) Exposure to domestic violence
D) Chronic childhood poverty

Question 7

 For teens, which feeling or action is least likely to occur as a result of stress?

A) Feeling overwhelmed
B) Feeling depressed or sad
C) Feeling tired
D) Skipping a meal

Question 8

 The highest incidence of maltreatment in the United States is due to ____ cases.

A) sexual abuse
B) physical abuse
C) neglect
D) emotional abuse

Question 9

 Child maltreatment affects boys and girls almost equally except for sexual abuse, where girls account for ____ of the reported victims.

A) 65%
B) 75%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 10

 For healthy development, children need a caregiving environment that balances their need for ____ with their need for ____.

A) control; responsiveness
B) ego-mastery; discipline
C) ego-mastery; responsiveness
D) control; discipline

Question 11

 Many of the acute symptoms of sexual abuse resemble children's common reactions to ____.

A) fatigue
B) stress
C) illness
D) loss of a parent

Question 12

 By far, the most common form of maltreatment of children is ____________.

A) neglect
B) physical abuse
C) sexual abuse
D) psychological maltreatment

Question 13

 An example of physical child neglect would be ____________.

A) a middle schooler who is permitted to drink and use drugs
B) siblings who were subjected to repeated incidents of family violence between their parents
C) a teenager who is permitted to decide for himself whether to go to school and how long to stay each day
D) children living in a home contaminated with animal feces and rotting food

Question 14

 Exploitation takes many forms but is most likely to include ____.

A) child labor
B) child discipline
C) child photography
D) child poverty

Question 15

 Which statement best describes the occurrence of maltreatment?

A) Children want to get away from the family of violence.
B) Children in violent households only know violence.
C) The intensity of the violence always increases with time.
D) There is a great deal of loyalty to the offenders.

Question 16

 A babysitter who notices bruises on a child who subsequently tells the sitter that her mother hits her is obligated (by law) to ____.

A) do nothing
B) remove the child from the home
C) confront the parent
D) alert the police or child welfare agency

Question 17

 A history of sexual abuse is reported more often by ____.

A) young males
B) young females
C) adolescent females
D) adolescent males

Question 18

 Younger children are the most common victims of ____.

A) physical abuse
B) emotional abuse
C) sexual abuse
D) neglect

Question 19

 An event would be considered traumatic if it ____.

A) is based on stress before a big test
B) involves any type of stress
C) is based on an uncommon or extreme stressor
D) is stress related directly to an incident of physical harm only

Question 20

 Which of the following would qualify as physical neglect?

A) Supervision from the next room
B) Refusing to allow an adolescent to see friends
C) Delay in seeking health care
D) Letting a teenager come home from school alone

Question 21

 Children may be protected in part from the effects of maltreatment if they ____.

A) are immediately removed from the home
B) can prosecute the offending parent
C) are abused by only their father and not by their mother
D) have a positive relationship with at least one important and consistent person

Question 22

 Children who experience chronic stress tend to develop ____, a progressive wear and tear on biological systems.

A) oppositional defiance
B) allostatic load
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) regulatory disinhibition

Question 23

 How many children and adolescents with histories of maltreatment involving sexual abuse or combined sexual and physical abuse meet criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 60%

Question 24

 ________________ is characterized by a pattern of disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors.

A) Disinhibited social engagement disorder
B) Post-traumatic stress disorder
C) Reactive attachment disorder
D) Chronic fatigue syndrome

Question 25

 The one form of child maltreatment that boys and girls do not experience equally is _______________.

A) emotional abuse
B) physical abuse
C) psychological abuse
D) sexual abuse

Question 26

 Maltreatment is more common among ____.

A) the poor and disadvantaged
B) minority religious groups
C) minority ethnic groups
D) parents with average intelligence

Question 27

 A maltreated child who has been chronically aroused for a long period of time becomes ____ to stress.

A) immune
B) unresponsive
C) addicted
D) hyperresponsive

Question 28

 Maltreated children may experience fewer negative outcomes if they ____.

A) are immediately removed from the home
B) can prosecute the offending parent
C) have an external locus of control
D) have a positive self-esteem and sense of self

Question 29

 ____ is characterized by a child showing a pattern of overly familiar and culturally inappropriate behavior with relative strangers.

A) Disinhibited social engagement disorder
B) Post-traumatic stress disorder
C) Reactive attachment disorder
D) Chronic fatigue syndrome

Question 30

 ____ is an altered state of consciousness, in which the individual feels detached from the body or self, as if what is happening (e.g., a traumatic/abusive experience) is not happening to him or her.

A) Self-splitting
B) Dissociation
C) Projection
D) Mental fragmentation

Question 31

 Girls are more likely to be sexually abused by ____.

A) female family members
B) female nonfamily members
C) male family members
D) male nonfamily members

Question 32

 Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) are diagnoses that apply only to children ages __________________.

A) birth to 3 years old
B) 9 months to 5 years old
C) 1 year to 7 years old
D) 3 years to 9 years old

Question 33

 Boys are more likely to be sexually abused by ____.

A) their mothers
B) their fathers
C) siblings
D) male nonfamily members

Question 34

 Children who have been abused are more likely to develop PTSD symptoms if ____.

A) the perpetrator was their mother
B) they were infants at the time of the abuse
C) they were adolescents at the time of the abuse
D) the abuse was chronic and coercive

Question 35

 Children with histories of __________ have the most severe and wide-ranging problems in school and interpersonal adjustment.

A) learning disabilities
B) mental illness
C) physical disabilities
D) abuse and neglect

Question 36

 Maltreated children have a greater tendency to ____ than nonmaltreated children.

A) have a disinhibition of emotional expressions
B) exaggerate emotional expressions
C) have difficulty understanding the emotional states of others
D) inhibit emotional expressions and modulating their emotional states

Question 37

 Physically abused children tend to have peer relationships marked by ____.

A) withdrawal and aggression
B) avoidance and withdrawal
C) dependency and clinginess
D) friendliness and interest

Question 38

 In comparison to boys, girls who express symptoms of PTSD tend to show more:

A) shame and self-blame.
B) anger.
C) physical aggression.
D) verbal aggression.

Question 39

 Children living with __________________ are at significantly greater risk of all types of maltreatment.

A) both parents
B) a single parent with a live-in partner
C) a single parent
D) nonparental guardians

Question 40

 After prolonged and unpredictable stressful events, cortisol levels ____ and the feedback systems that control hormone levels in the brain may become ____.

A) increase; dysfunctional
B) decrease; more functional
C) increase; more functional
D) decrease; dysfunctional

Question 41

 A history of ____ among males is a significant risk factor for inappropriate sexual behaviors, alienation, and social incompetence in adolescence.

A) physical abuse
B) sexual abuse
C) neglect
D) any form of maltreatment

Question 42

 Maltreatment is least likely to be associated with ____.

A) family stress
B) reduced financial status
C) parental resilience
D) marital conflict

Question 43

 ____ is related to sexually abused children's level of distress as well as their recovery from the trauma.

A) Gender
B) Maternal support
C) Relation to the perpetrator
D) Paternal support

Question 44

 Which treatment is LEAST likely to be given to a child who has been sexually abused?

A) Education and support
B) Controlled-exposure techniques
C) Cognitive-behavioral methods
D) Escapism

Question 45

 Traumatic sexualization occurs when ____.

A) the child is unaware of sexual practices
B) the emotional abuse is chronic
C) a child's sexual knowledge occurs inappropriately
D) the child is forced to abuse others

Question 46

 Which of the following is not characteristic of parents who maltreat their children?

A) Information-processing disturbances
B) Unfamiliarity of developmentally appropriate expectations for children
C) Unfamiliarity of the parenting role
D) Self-discipline and patience

Question 47

 Which destabilizing factor is most closely associated with the third and final stage of an integrated model of child abuse?

A) A low sense of control and predictability is evident.
B) Multiple sources of anger and aggression exist.
C) The parent believes that the child's behavior is threatening or harmful.
D) The child increases problem behavior.

Question 48

 ____ involves a combination of exposure therapy and skill building to allow the individual to practice more effective ways of coping with intrusive memories and emotions.

A) Psychological first aid
B) Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy
C) Grief and trauma intervention for children
D) Brief counseling

Question 49

 Treatment for child neglect focuses on ____.

A) parents modeling skills for children
B) social dominance
C) household management
D) giving children more chores

Question 50

 Which form of treatment focuses on children who have learned of harm to others?

A) Psychoeducation
B) Psychological first aid
C) Psychodynamic storytelling
D) Resilient friend treatment

Question 51

 Once environmental and adult factors are controlled, the only child characteristic that has been associated with the risk of sexual abuse is ____.

A) age
B) gender
C) temperament
D) conduct problems

Question 52

 Pedophiles ____.

A) sexually abuse only their children
B) sexually abuse only children unknown to them
C) sexually abuse or fantasize about minor children
D) are sexually aroused by female children only

Question 53

 Treatment services for families that have maltreated a child have been limited due to ____.

A) lack of available services
B) difficulty of parents admitting culpability
C) children not wanting to attend therapy
D) families being financially unable to retain services

Question 54

 Compared to abusive parents, neglectful parents ____.

A) have less striking personality disorders
B) have better knowledge of children's needs
C) have more chronic patterns of social isolation
D) become more emotionally and behaviorally reactive under stress

Question 55

 The major sociocultural factor contributing to abuse and neglect of children is ____.

A) inequality
B) poverty
C) media violence
D) social violence

Question 56

 Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between childhood maltreatment and later violent delinquent behavior is true?

A) All children who experience physical abuse in childhood later go on to engage in violent delinquent behavior.
B) Very few children who experience physical abuse in childhood later go on to engage in violent delinquent behavior.
C) Children who experience routine violence in childhood are significantly more likely to engage in violent delinquent behavior later on.
D) The experience of physical abuse is significantly associated with violent delinquent behavior later on, except for children who only experience abuse prior to adolescence.

Question 57

 While adaptive in abusive and inescapable situations, dissociation may lead to ____.

A) borderline personality disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) bipolar disorder
D) split psychotic disorder

Question 58

 Which statement about sexual abuse offenders is true?

A) Sexual abuse offenders only target female children.
B) Sexual abuse offenders often have good social skills.
C) Sexual abuse offenders often gradually indoctrinate children into sexual activity.
D) Sexual abuse offenders have close trusting family relationships.

Question 59

 Successful treatment of children who have experienced sexual abuse results in children ____.

A) regaining their normal rate of development
B) confronting the abuser
C) no longer needing to attend therapy
D) returning to school and peer-related activities

Question 60

 Treatment of physical abuse involves training parents in ____.

A) positive child-rearing skills
B) stronger discipline
C) adopting distorted beliefs
D) avoiding interaction

Question 61

 Compare and contrast elements of a positive parenting style with elements of a negative parenting style.

Question 62

 Describe the dynamic process of child abuse.

Question 63

 What is the cycle-of-violence hypothesis? Does the literature support or refute this hypothesis? (Be sure to support your answer.)

Question 64

 What would be considered manageable stress for children?

Question 65

 What is the nature of maltreated children's representational models of themselves and others?

Question 66

 What are some of the paradoxical dilemmas commonly faced by maltreated children?

Question 67

 What are some of the determinants of healthy parent-child relationships and family roles?

Question 68

 Describe treatments used for physically abused or neglected children.

Question 69

 Describe the continuum of child care.

Question 70

 Identify the determinants of "demandingness" and "responsiveness" that are required for children to adequately meet their developmental needs.

Question 71

 Describe acute stress disorder and distinguish from PTSD.

Question 72

 What is the nature of the relationship between poverty and child sexual abuse?

Question 73

 What are some of the media and entertainment industry's influences on child maltreatment?

Question 74

 What are traumatic events and what do they include?

Question 75

 What are some of the obstacles to intervention and prevention services for maltreating families?