Deck 3: Research

Question 1

 If a study of the effect of divorce found a more negative impact for girls than for boys, sex will be a ____.

A) protective factor
B) risk factor
C) mediating variable
D) moderating variable

Answer 1

moderating variable

Question 2

 ______ rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period.

A) Comorbidity
B) Comortality
C) Incidence
D) Prevalence

Answer 2

Incidence

Question 3

 Evaluating the mental health of children can be particularly difficult due to the ____.

A) cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior
B) difference in psychological theories
C) limited amount of assessment tools available for children
D) vague information often given by children

Answer 3

cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior

Question 4

 ____ evaluate treatment outcomes for children who are unsystematically assigned to treatment and control conditions.

A) Efficacy studies
B) Case studies
C) Randomized controlled trials
D) Correlational studies

Question 5

 Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through ____.

A) epidemiological research
B) regression analysis
C) correlation studies
D) efficacy studies

Question 6

 The process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces a particular outcome is known as a(n) ____ variable.

A) comorbid
B) correlated
C) mediating
D) moderating

Question 7

 The fact that effects of parental conflict and divorce may not surface immediately but rather years later is an example of ____.

A) mediating variable
B) sleeper effect
C) correlate
D) risk factor

Question 8

 Questions about ________ are complicated because what qualifies varies according to the variables of interest as well as the causal chain.

A) effects
B) correlates
C) risks
D) causes

Question 9

 The ______ of research findings is what advances the field of psychology.

A) reliability
B) standardization
C) accumulation
D) validity

Question 10

 Variables that are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other are said to be ____.

A) predictive
B) moderating
C) correlated
D) comorbid

Question 11

 Research into risk and protective factors requires that large samples of children be studied and multiple areas of functioning be assessed over long periods of time because ____.

A) the areas of child functioning that will be affected are known in advance
B) a high percentage of children who are at risk will develop the disorder
C) the ages at which a disorder may occur or reoccur is not known in advance
D) the risk and protective factor processes take years to develop

Question 12

 In research terms, research questions about behavior that follow from a theory are called ____.

A) speculations
B) hypotheses
C) assumptions
D) proposals

Question 13

 When evaluating whether claims are scientifically believable, each of the following is a difference between science and pseudoscience EXCEPT

A) the quality of evidence.
B) how evidence is organized.
C) how evidence is obtained.
D) how evidence is presented.

Question 14

 Skepticism exists regarding research in abnormal child psychology because _____.

A) experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree
B) research findings in abnormal child psychology have no clear results
C) many conclusions from research with children produce the same findings
D) research findings are primarily extrapolated from adult studies

Question 15

 _____ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified time period.

A) Comorbidity
B) Comortality
C) Incidence
D) Prevalence

Question 16

 Factors that influence the direction or strength of a relationship of variables of interest are called ____.

A) correlated variables
B) mediator variables
C) risk variables
D) moderator variables

Question 17

 Factors such as SES, child's age, and cultural background affect the _____ of symptoms and disorders.

A) rate and expression
B) pervasiveness
C) outcome
D) termination

Question 18

 Mediator variables are those that ____.

A) predict the relationship among variables
B) have an independent effect on the existing relationship among variables
C) influence the direction or strength of the relationship between variables
D) refer to the process through which a variable produces an outcome

Question 19

 A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n) ____.

A) risk factor
B) protective factor
C) predictive factor
D) epidemiological factor

Question 20

 Because there is no one correct approach to research, most problems in abnormal child psychology are best studied by ____.

A) utilizing rigorous experiments
B) using case studies
C) using only one strategy
D) using multiple methods and strategies

Question 21

 Maturation is a threat to ____.

A) external validity
B) internal validity
C) convergent validity
D) interrater reliability

Question 22

 Which of the following is a magnetic imaging method that produces images showing connections between brain regions?

A) Positron-Emission Tomography (PET)
B) Functional connectivity MRI
C) Functional MRI
D) Diffusion MRI

Question 23

 A measurement method that is highly structured with no opportunity for probes or clarification would be which of the following?

A) Clinical observation
B) Interview
C) Questionnaire
D) Observation

Question 24

 To know if a treatment would truly be useful in community settings, researchers should focus on treatment ____.

A) efficacy
B) effectiveness
C) reliability
D) validity

Question 25

 ____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another.

A) Convergent
B) Construct
C) Criterion
D) Discriminant

Question 26

 ____ are used to study cerebral glucose metabolism.

A) PET scans
B) EEGs
C) CT scans
D) MRIs

Question 27

 A ____ assessment measure allows for the scores of one child to be compared to the scores of other similar children.

A) reliable
B) valid
C) standardized
D) distributed

Question 28

 Treatment ____ refers to whether or not a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions.

A) efficacy
B) effectiveness
C) reliability
D) validity

Question 29

 ____ use radio signals generated in a strong magnetic field.

A) EEGs
B) PET scans
C) CT scans
D) MRIs

Question 30

 The overlapping or co-occurrence of disorders is called ____.

A) multifinality
B) comortality
C) multidiagnosis
D) comorbidity

Question 31

 A limitation of psychophysiological measures is ____.

A) deception by the child
B) poor interrater reliability
C) high level of inference for interpretation
D) inappropriateness with young children

Question 32

 ____ validity refers to whether scores on a measure behave as predicted by theory or past research.

A) Face
B) Convergent
C) Construct
D) Discriminant

Question 33

 One of the major limitations of observational research methods is that ____.

A) they are not cost effective
B) behavior may be altered as a function of participants' awareness of being observed
C) results tend to be invalid
D) observation cannot be conducted in a structured way

Question 34

 ____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are expected to be related to one another.

A) Convergent
B) Construct
C) Criterion
D) Discriminant

Question 35

 An assessment tool that actually measures the construct it is intended to measure can be considered ____.

A) reliable
B) valid
C) standardized
D) effective

Question 36

 The degree to which findings can be generalized to children, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than the one in a particular study is referred to as ____.

A) external validity
B) internal validity
C) face validity
D) generalized validity

Question 37

 Taking a child to see three different psychologists and receiving three different diagnoses would be an example of a lack of ____.

A) convergent validity
B) discriminant validity
C) internal consistency
D) interrater reliability

Question 38

 To record electrical activity of the brain, one would want to use a(n) ____.

A) EEG
B) PET scan
C) CT scan
D) MRI

Question 39

 Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be

A) reliable.
B) valid.
C) standardized.
D) effective.

Question 40

 A researcher investigating the relationship between maternal distress and child conduct problems found that maternal distress was related to disciplinary strategies toward the child, which in turn were related to child conduct problems. In this study, disciplinary strategies are a ____.

A) comorbid variable
B) correlated variable
C) mediator variable
D) moderator variable

Question 41

 Aging effects and cohort effects are some of the potential disadvantages of ____ research designs.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) experimental
D) between group

Question 42

 The greater the degree of control that a researcher has over the ____, the more a study approximates a true experiment.

A) subjects in the sample
B) moderator variables
C) independent variable
D) dependent variable

Question 43

 In ____ research, different individuals at different ages or stages of development are studied at the same point in time.

A) analogue
B) within group
C) cross-sectional
D) between group

Question 44

 In ___________________, comparisons are made between conditions or treatments that already exist.

A) natural experiments
B) correlational studies
C) retrospective design
D) real-time prospective designs

Question 45

 Which statement about case studies is false?

A) They involve intensive observation and analysis of an individual child.
B) They use controlled methods without biases.
C) They are rich in detail and provide valuable insights.
D) They usually study rare childhood disorders.

Question 46

 A correlation score of +0.75 between two variables such as symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression indicates what kind of relationship between these variables?

A) A weak, negative association between them
B) A weak, positive association between them
C) A strong, positive association between them
D) A strong, negative relationship between them

Question 47

 In ____ research, the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) between groups
D) cohort

Question 48

 Recall bias and distortion are potential limitations of ____ studies.

A) analogue
B) case
C) retrospective
D) cohort

Question 49

 The fact that vulnerable populations often feel pressure to participate in research studies is a factor relating to which ethical concern?

A) Informed consent and assent
B) Nonharmful procedures
C) Confidentiality and anonymity
D) Voluntary participation

Question 50

 Qualitative data are typically collected by ____.

A) open-ended interviewing and observations
B) already developed observational and assessment tools
C) controlled and structured interviewing
D) forced choice survey questions

Question 51

 ____ research focuses on a specific research question under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation to which the researcher wishes to generalize.

A) Cohort
B) Retrospective
C) Circumscribed
D) Analogue

Question 52

 ____ increases the chance that characteristics other than the independent variable will be equally distributed across treatment groups.

A) Manual distribution
B) Predetermined distribution
C) Natural assignment
D) Random assignment

Question 53

 Asking college students to describe their childhood relationships with peers is an example of a ____ design.

A) longitudinal
B) cohort
C) prospective
D) retrospective

Question 54

 The use of ____ is rare in studies of child psychopathology.

A) randomly selected samples
B) samples of convenience
C) reliable measures
D) valid measures

Question 55

 Qualitative research is characterized by ____.

A) operational definitions
B) isolation of variables of interest
C) careful control of subject matter
D) in-depth narratives and observations

Question 56

 _____ means that the child shows some form of agreement to participate in research without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research.

A) Uninformed consent
B) Partial consent
C) Assent
D) Voluntary participation

Question 57

 Participation in research is done through direct informed consent except when the participants are ____.

A) children
B) adult women
C) war veterans
D) college students

Question 58

 Research procedures that may harm a child physically or psychologically should ____.

A) only be used when necessary
B) only be used when a parent gives consent
C) never be used
D) only be used when the researcher is very careful

Question 59

 Qualitative research ____.

A) provides a numerical approach to understanding research
B) provides an intensive and intimate understanding of a situation
C) uses normed assessment tools
D) uses statistical analysis

Question 60

 In an A-B-A-B design, the "B" stands for ____.

A) intervention
B) baseline
C) behavior
D) observation

Question 61

 Describe a study in which you would use a qualitative approach. Be sure to indicate why it would be beneficial to use a qualitative approach in your study.

Question 62

 Why is it important to use randomized controlled trials in research?

Question 63

 Explain the benefits and limitations of the case study. Why is the case study important in abnormal child psychology?

Question 64

 What are the primary differences between pseudoscience and science?

Question 65

 Discuss how cultural differences can impact data collection and research outcomes for childhood disorders.

Question 66

 Distinguish between interviews, questionnaires, and observations as measurement methods.

Question 67

 Why is it important for research to be both reliable and valid?

Question 68

 Describe the limitations of longitudinal studies.

Question 69

 How can qualitative and quantitative research methods be used in complementary ways?

Question 70

 Why is it difficult to use true experimentation to study child psychopathology?

Question 71

 Explain the importance of using scientific research methods and strategies in abnormal child psychology.

Question 72

 Distinguish between prospective and retrospective research.

Question 73

 Describe two neuroimaging techniques used to examine the brain.

Question 74

 What ethical and pragmatic issues must be considered when conducting research with children?

Question 75

 When would qualitative research be preferred over quantitative research?