Deck 5: Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)

Question 1

 The most likely explanation for the discrepancy in IQ scores between blacks and whites in North America is ____.

A) genetic dissimilarities
B) test bias
C) economic and social inequalities
D) poor attitude

Answer 1

economic and social inequalities

Question 2

 Individuals with mild intellectual disability can usually acquire academic skills up to approximately the _______ grade level.

A) second
B) sixth
C) tenth
D) twelfth

Answer 2

sixth

Question 3

 In comparison to the IQ scores of normally developing children, those of infants and children with developmental delays or intellectual disability are ____.

A) more stable
B) less stable
C) equally stable
D) unmeasurable

Answer 3

more stable

Question 4

 The ____ refers to the phenomenon that IQ scores have risen sharply since the beginning of IQ testing.

A) Flynn effect
B) Foster effect
C) IQ effect
D) scoring effect

Question 5

 Adults with mild intellectual development disorder need support with all of the following EXCEPT:

A) shopping and transportation.
B) cooking and money management.
C) considerable support needed from co-workers/supervisors in employment.
D) health care and legal decisions

Question 6

 IQ scores among individuals without intellectual disability are ____.

A) stable throughout the life span
B) stable only after age 12
C) relatively stable with the exception of infancy
D) not at all stable

Question 7

 During the eugenics movement, persons with intellectual disability were considered ____.

A) relatively harmless
B) a threat to society
C) the missing evolutionary link
D) amusing individuals

Question 8

 The rising of IQ scores is due to ____.

A) more testing
B) rising cost of living
C) medical advances
D) decreased need for manual labor

Question 9

 To be diagnosed with intellectual disability, a person must exhibit ____.

A) subaverage intellectual functioning
B) genetic anomalies
C) deficits in adaptive functioning
D) subaverage intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive functioning

Question 10

 The more severe forms of intellectual disability are more likely due to ____ causes than is mild intellectual disability.

A) cultural
B) familial
C) idiopathic
D) organic

Question 11

 The ____ category of intellectual disability is overrepresented in minority groups.

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound

Question 12

 The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) categorizes persons with intellectual disability according to the ____.

A) number of deficits in adaptive functioning
B) extent of cognitive impairment
C) extent of support needed
D) number of social deficits

Question 13

 Examples of conceptual adaptive behavior skills are:

A) money concepts.
B) responsibility.
C) obeying laws.
D) eating, dressing, mobility, and toileting.

Question 14

 In the DSM-5, the level of disability, reflecting a child's degree of difficulty, is based upon the ____.

A) number of deficits in adaptive functioning
B) extent of cognitive impairment
C) extent of support needed
D) number of social deficits

Question 15

 Subaverage intellectual functioning is defined as an IQ approximately ____.

A) one standard deviation below the mean
B) two standard deviations below the mean
C) a mental age of less than 10 years
D) a mental age of less than 15 years

Question 16

 Evolutionary degeneracy theory attributed the intellectual and social problems of children with intellectual disability to ____.

A) cold parenting
B) regression to an earlier period in the development of humankind
C) degeneration of societal values
D) genetic abnormalities

Question 17

 The majority of individuals with intellectual disabilities have ____ impairment.

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound

Question 18

 Many persons with Down syndrome function at the ____ level of disability.

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound

Question 19

 To be labeled with intellectual disability, below average intellectual and adaptive abilities must be ____.

A) due to chromosomal abnormalities
B) due to genetic anomalies
C) present before age 12
D) present before age 18

Question 20

 The prevalence estimate for intellectual disability in children and adults is about ____ of the entire population.

A) 0.4%
B) 1%
C) 4%
D) 5%

Question 21

 The proportion of variance in a trait attributable to genetic influences is called ____.

A) genotype
B) phenotype
C) heritability
D) attribution

Question 22

 Which chronic health condition is most common among children with intellectual disability?

A) Epilepsy
B) Oppositional deviant disorder
C) Anxiety disorders
D) Autistic disorder

Question 23

 The ____ argues that cognitive development of children with intellectual disability differs from that of children without intellectual disability in more ways than merely differences in developmental rate and upper limit.

A) developmental difference
B) developmental viewpoint
C) disparity hypothesis
D) difference viewpoint

Question 24

 Generally, the emotional and behavioral problems of children with intellectual disability ____.

A) constitute major psychiatric disorders
B) are considered part of the spectrum of problems coexisting with intellectual disability
C) often are not severe enough to require intervention
D) have prevalence rates comparable to those of the general population

Question 25

 As a social risk factor for intellectual disability, this stands as both a prenatal and a postnatal condition..

A) Lack of access to prenatal care
B) Domestic violence
C) Malnutrition
D) Poverty

Question 26

 In general, children with Down syndrome display ____.

A) progressive loss of adaptive functioning skills from birth on
B) declining IQ but increasing social skills
C) significant gains in adaptive behaviors up to age 6, followed by a leveling off or decline
D) a surge in abilities from ages 10 to 15

Question 27

 In the "strange situation" attachment assessment technique, children with Down syndrome ____.

A) display significant distress upon separation
B) readily reach for strangers for comfort
C) show few distress signals despite an apparent need for contact with their caregivers
D) angrily turn away from their caregivers upon reunion

Question 28

 ______ factors are implicated in mild forms of intellectual disability.

A) Genetic
B) Environmental
C) Genetic and environmental
D) Situational

Question 29

 The suggestion that children with intellectual disability demonstrate the same behaviors and underlying processes as typically developing children who are at the same level of cognitive functioning is referred to as the ____.

A) difference hypothesis
B) developmental hypothesis
C) similar sequence hypothesis
D) similar structure hypothesis

Question 30

 When toddlers with Down syndrome begin to recognize themselves in a mirror, they often ____.

A) cry
B) smile and laugh
C) strike out
D) appear confused

Question 31

 ____ is critical to regulating social interaction and providing a foundation for early self/other understanding.

A) Expressive language
B) Receptive language
C) Internal state language
D) Secure attachment

Question 32

 Intellectual disability is more prevalent among ____.

A) lower SES
B) rural families
C) higher SES
D) middle children

Question 33

 Which statement regarding the causes of intellectual disability is false?

A) The causes of mild intellectual disability are better understood than the causes of moderate to severe intellectual disability.
B) There are over 1,000 different known organic causes of intellectual disability.
C) Scientists cannot account for the cause of intellectual disability in the majority of cases.
D) A genetic cause is known for almost three-quarters of individuals with moderate intellectual disability.

Question 34

 Children with Down syndrome display considerable delay in ____.

A) expressive language development
B) receptive language development
C) expressive and receptive language development
D) neither expressive nor receptive language development

Question 35

 When mainstreamed into a regular classroom, children with intellectual disability ____.

A) are accepted readily by other children
B) are targeted and abused by other children
C) are often aggressive toward other children
D) end up being socially isolated because other children do not play with them

Question 36

 Children with intellectual disability and ADHD, when placed on stimulant medication, typically:

A) show slight but limited gains on cognitive tasks.
B) are overstimulated.
C) are able to remain on task for longer periods.
D) show no increased functioning as a result of medication.

Question 37

 Children with mild to moderate intellectual disability learn symbolic play ____.

A) in much the same manner as other children
B) in a different manner than other children
C) only to a very small degree
D) in a different manner than other children and only to a very small degree

Question 38

 The observation that children with Down syndrome may alternate between periods of gain and functioning and periods of little or no advance is the ____.

A) functioning difference hypothesis
B) variance hypothesis
C) variance observation
D) slowing and stability hypothesis

Question 39

 The gene-environment interaction is referred to as ____.

A) genotype
B) phenotype
C) heritability
D) attribution

Question 40

 If a true male excess of intellectual disability exists, and the higher prevalence rate is not due to identification and referral patterns, it is likely due to ____.

A) testosterone
B) fetal alcohol syndrome
C) fragile-X syndrome
D) Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 41

 Both Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes are ____.

A) inherited conditions
B) associated with an involuntary urge to eat
C) believed to be spontaneous genetic birth defects that occur around the time of conception
D) none of these

Question 42

 Postnatal risk factors for intellectual disability include

A) parental immaturity.
B) traumatic brain injury.
C) lack of preparation for parenthood.
D) parental abandonment of child.

Question 43

 Phenylketonuria is a(n) ____ that can cause intellectual disability if untreated.

A) chromosomal abnormality
B) environmental toxin
C) inborn error of metabolism
D) infection

Question 44

 Down syndrome occurs more often with older mothers than younger mothers because_______.

A) chromosomal nondisjunction increases with maternal age
B) women's ova become generally less healthy with age
C) older women are generally less healthy than younger women
D) younger mothers do not carry genes containing chromosome issues

Question 45

 Which statement regarding the adjustment of families of children with intellectual disability is false?

A) Most parents of children with intellectual disability come to see their child as a positive contributor to their family and quality of life.
B) Families of children with intellectual disability experience higher-than-average levels of stress.
C) Parents of children with intellectual disability experience higher-than-average depressive symptoms.
D) Family involvement has not been shown to be as beneficial as residential care.

Question 46

 ____ is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability.

A) Down syndrome
B) Fragile-X syndrome
C) Prader-Willi syndrome
D) Phenylketonuria

Question 47

 _______ teaches children to use verbal cues to process information, to keep themselves on task, and to remind themselves how to approach a new task.

A) Strategic training
B) Self-instructional training
C) Metacognitive training
D) Social skill training

Question 48

 Lindsay and her sister were born into a socially disadvantaged family. Lindsay was adopted into a more privileged home. Lindsay's IQ score is likely to be:

A) higher then her sister's score
B) the same as her sister's score
C) lower then her sister's score
D) one standard deviation lower than her sister's score

Question 49

 ____ is the most common form of intellectual disability resulting from chromosomal abnormalities.

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) Fragile-X syndrome
C) Down syndrome
D) Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 50

 Research investigating the effectiveness of residential care for children with intellectual disability indicates that ____.

A) residential care is not an effective treatment option
B) family involvement is crucial to children's adaptation to and benefit from residential care
C) contact with family serves to confuse the child and disrupts the child's progress
D) residential care is the most effective treatment option

Question 51

 Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for enhancing children's lives through early intervention?

A) Encouragement of exploration
B) Emphasis on developing rote knowledge and skills through repeated drills
C) Mentoring in basic skills
D) A rich and responsive language environment

Question 52

 Which of the following is not associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A) Central nervous system dysfunction
B) Abnormalities in facial features
C) Growth retardation below the tenth percentile
D) Non-teratogenic cause

Question 53

 On average, the IQ of children with fetal alcohol syndrome is in the ____ range of intellectual disability.

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound

Question 54

 Self-instructional training programs are most beneficial for ____.

A) children with severe intellectual disability
B) children whose parents are also mentally retarded
C) children with no language skills
D) children with some language proficiency, but who have trouble understanding and following directions

Question 55

 Behavioral risk factors that contribute to intellectual disability include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) parental smoking and drug and alcohol use.
B) lack of adequate stimulation.
C) parental immaturity and rejection of caretaking.
D) child abuse, neglect, and domestic violence.

Question 56

 Which cause of intellectual disability is associated with an involuntary urge to eat?

A) Down syndrome
B) Fragile-X syndrome
C) Prader-Willi syndrome
D) Angelman syndrome

Question 57

 What is most likely to be of concern to the father of a child with intellectual disability?

A) How to raise the child properly
B) What effect the child will have on his personal relationship with his wife
C) What restrictions the child will place on his role in the family
D) How to feel close to the child

Question 58

 ____ is associated with intellectual disability and is a disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome.

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Fragile-X syndrome
D) Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 59

 The evidence points to a heritability of intelligence of approximately ____.

A) 0%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 60

 The inclusion movement, along with this law, give children with disabilities the option of being educated in regular education settings. .

A) No Child Left Behind Act
B) Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act
C) Every Student Succeeds Act
D) Disabled Student Success Act

Question 61

 Discuss two conditions that can arise from chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 62

 Describe common emotional and behavioral problems for individuals with intellectual disabilities

Question 63

 Discuss the developmental-versus-difference controversy regarding the development of children with intellectual disability.

Question 64

 Describe self-instructional training used with children with intellectual disability.

Question 65

 Discuss the different reasons why more males than females are diagnosed with intellectual disability.

Question 66

 Provide examples of adaptive behaviors as outlined in the text.

Question 67

 Explain how intellectual disability may result from PKU.

Question 68

 Explain how learned helplessness may arise in a child with intellectual disability.

Question 69

 Discuss why some children with Down syndrome have problems developing secure attachments.

Question 70

 What considerations would you have to take into account when diagnosing ADHD in a child with intellectual disability?

Question 71

 Describe how you would use shaping to teach a nonverbal child to say "hungry."

Question 72

 Trace the origins and development of the Eugenics movement in the nineteenth century, including causes of popularity of the movement as well as emphasis on labels such as "imbecile" and "moron."

Question 73

 Discuss three reasons why IQ scores have been rising.

Question 74

 Discuss the connection between SES and intellectual disability.

Question 75

 What are practical recommendations for enhancing children's lives through early intervention, according to Ramsey and Ramsey (1992)?