Deck 6: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

Question 1

 The primary language deficit of children with ASD (who develop language) is ____.

A) grammatical usage
B) semantics
C) morphological usage
D) pragmatics

Answer 1

pragmatics

Question 2

 Which statement about ASD is true?

A) ASD is a subtype of Asperger's disorder.
B) ASD is a single domain disorder.
C) ASD is a disorder children outgrow.
D) ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder.

Answer 2

ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder.

Question 3

 A DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD will be based on ____.

A) five different subtypes
B) one overarching category
C) dimensional symptoms
D) easily separated symptoms

Answer 3

one overarching category

Question 4

 The theory of mind hypothesis of ASD suggests that children with ASD ____.

A) focus on one feature of an object in an environment while ignoring other equally important features
B) do not understand others' mental states
C) cannot take in the larger picture because of a tendency to focus on details
D) are unable to split their social attention in social situations

Question 5

 Children who have been diagnosed with ____ have deficits in recognizing facial expressions.

A) depression
B) ASD
C) ADHD
D) anxiety

Question 6

 Echolalia in children with ASD is believed to be a(n) ____.

A) sign of pathology
B) sign of co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) important step in their language acquisition
D) uncontrollable habit

Question 7

 Critical factors contributing to the differences in how the symptoms of ASD are manifested in children include all of the following EXCEPT

A) the level of intellectual ability.
B) the severity of their language problems.
C) the age at diagnosis and corresponding treatments.
D) the behavioral change with age.

Question 8

 Which statement about the social skills of children with ASD is true?

A) Children with ASD experience profound difficulties relating to others, even when they have average or above-average intelligence.
B) Children with ASD experience profound difficulties relating to others, but only when they have below-average intelligence.
C) Children with ASD experience profound difficulties relating to others, but only when they have co-occurring ID.
D) Children with ASD experience profound difficulties relating to others, but only when they have below-average intelligence and no useful language.

Question 9

 Children with ASD are most likely to use ____.

A) instrumental gestures
B) expressive gestures
C) protodeclarative gestures
D) joint social behaviors

Question 10

 Examples of social communication or social interaction deficits indicative of ASD include which of the following?

A) Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity
B) Insistence on sameness
C) Stereotyped motor movements
D) Highly restricted, fixated interests

Question 11

 Special cognitive skills that are above average for the general population and well above the autistic child's own general level of intellect are referred to as ____.

A) savant skills
B) splinter skills
C) macro skills
D) supernatural skills

Question 12

 Joint attention refers to the ability to ____.

A) communicate with two people at the same time
B) coordinate one's focus of attention on another person and an object of mutual interest
C) hold a conversation on two different topics
D) pay attention to the conversation that two other people are having

Question 13

 The use of protodeclarative gestures requires ____.

A) verbal ability and shared social attention
B) theory of mind and verbal ability
C) implicit understanding and shared social attention
D) intelligence and shared social attention

Question 14

 Children with ASD ____.

A) have reduced sharing of emotions
B) initiate most social interactions
C) tend to listen to the speaker
D) make exaggerated facial expressions

Question 15

 Examples of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior indicative of ASD include which of the following?

A) Reduced sharing of interests or emotions
B) Unusual interest in sensory aspects of environment
C) A total lack of facial expressions
D) Absence of interest in peers

Question 16

 With respect to attachment, most children with ASD ____.

A) do not form meaningful social attachments to their parents
B) form indiscriminate attachments with any adult
C) do not form attachments with any individual except their parents
D) prefer their caregivers over unfamiliar adults

Question 17

 The tendency to focus on certain types of sensory input over others is called sensory ____.

A) dominance
B) specialization
C) screening
D) overselectivity

Question 18

 Early theories about autism attributed the autistic child's behaviors to ____.

A) biological abnormalities of the brain
B) the inability to integrate senses
C) the parent's wish that the child should not exist
D) lack of stimulating environments

Question 19

 The tendency to focus on one feature of an object in the environment while ignoring other equally important features is called stimulus ____.

A) dominance
B) specialization
C) screening
D) overselectivity

Question 20

 Leo Kanner used the term early infantile autism, which literally means ____.

A) absence of language
B) need of sameness
C) outside of oneself
D) within oneself

Question 21

 Many children with ASD also have ____.

A) intellectual disability and epilepsy
B) superior intelligence
C) schizophrenia
D) intellectual disability and schizophrenia

Question 22

 Which statement about gender differences in ASD is true?

A) ASD is equally common in boys and girls.
B) ASD is more common in boys.
C) ASD is more common in boys, except among those with profound ID, where the numbers of boys and girls are similar.
D) ASD is more common in boys, except among those with average or above-average IQ, where the numbers of boys and girls are similar.

Question 23

 The deficits of ASD become increasingly noticeable ____.

A) from birth
B) around 6 months of age
C) around 2 years of age
D) when the child enters school

Question 24

 Children with ASD are likely to experience problems with ____.

A) repetition
B) gastrointestinal problems
C) overeating
D) nonverbal play

Question 25

 Children with ASD and language development are most likely to show deficits in ____.

A) language acquisition
B) length of utterances
C) spontaneous social conversation
D) grammatical complexity

Question 26

 If you were to administer the WISC to a child with ASD, which subscale would likely cause the child the most difficulty?

A) Nonverbal subtests involving short-term memory
B) Image memory tasks
C) Repetitive design tasks
D) Verbal comprehension subtests

Question 27

 As many as _____% of individuals with ASD have a head size that is above average.

A) 80
B) 85
C) 90
D) 95

Question 28

 A test in which children with ASD perform relatively well due to the nature of focusing on details of a figure rather than the overall pattern would be the:

A) WISC-IV
B) embedded figures test
C) test for central coherence
D) executive function test.

Question 29

 Recent findings estimate the prevalence of ASD worldwide to be ____.

A) 1 per 124
B) 1 per 500
C) 1 per 257
D) 1 per 68

Question 30

 Which racial/ethnic group has the highest prevalence of ASD?

A) African American
B) Non-Hispanic white
C) Asian
D) Native American

Question 31

 Many parents who have a child with ASD feel that the ____ in vaccines increased number of incidences of ASD.

A) niacin
B) copper
C) mercury
D) lead

Question 32

 The extreme male brain theory of ASD suggests that ____.

A) autistic brains are more "systemizing"
B) autistic brains are less "systemizing"
C) females are more "systemizing"
D) males are more "empathizing"

Question 33

 The rise in prevalence of ASD is most likely due to ____.

A) increase in mercury in the diet
B) greater recognition of milder forms of ASD
C) more harmful vaccines administered
D) stricter guidelines for diagnosis

Question 34

 A person lacking central coherence ____.

A) processes information in bits and pieces but fails to see the big picture
B) does not understand others' mental states
C) cannot coordinate left and right body movements
D) fails to understand social hierarchies

Question 35

 The cognitive deficit most specific to children with ASD is ____.

A) weak central coherence
B) deficits in executive functions
C) deficient theory of mind
D) sensory overselectivity

Question 36

 Family members of children with ASD display higher than normal rates of ____.

A) echolalia
B) intellectual disability
C) language deficits
D) social communication

Question 37

 ____ in some children with ASD distinguishes them from those with intellectual disability or language disorders.

A) Low-set ears
B) Abnormally large head circumference
C) Flattened bridge of the nose
D) Wide-spaced eyes

Question 38

 The two strongest predictors of adult outcomes in children with ASD are ____.

A) absence of stereotyped behavior and theory of mind
B) intellectual ability and language development
C) parental responsiveness and early intervention
D) intact motor skills and sensory specialization

Question 39

 ____ has been associated with ASD more than any other genetically based condition.

A) Tuberous sclerosis
B) Down syndrome
C) PKU
D) Fragile X

Question 40

 The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children be screened for ASD at _______.

A) 12 months
B) 15 months
C) 12 months and 24 months
D) 18 months and 24 months

Question 41

 Studies of brain metabolism in individuals with ASD suggest decreased blood flow in these two lobes.

A) Frontal and temporal
B) Frontal and parietal
C) Temporal and parietal
D) Occipital and temporal

Question 42

 A step-by-step approach that first increases the child's vocalizations and then teaches imitation of sounds and words, the meanings of words, labeling objects, making verbal requests, and expressing desires is better known as:

A) TEACCH
B) discrete trial training
C) operant speech training
D) Pivotal Response Training

Question 43

 A child is close to school age and needs to learn to sit in a chair. Which would be a step-by-step approach using a stimulus that requires a specific response?

A) Skills training
B) TEACCH
C) Discrete trial training
D) ABA

Question 44

 The most common co-morbid disorders in children with schizophrenia are ____.

A) ASD and other PDDs
B) anxiety disorders
C) conduct disorder and depression
D) pica and mental retardation

Question 45

 What is it called when an individual with ASD is unable to play with a toy while listening to a social partner?

A) Echolalia
B) Theory of mind
C) Protoimperative
D) Joint attention

Question 46

 ____ strengthens behaviors by capitalizing on naturally occurring opportunities.

A) Naturalistic training
B) Discrete trial training
C) Incidental training
D) Pivotal response training

Question 47

 Current treatments for child-onset schizophrenia emphasize medications in combination with ____.

A) critical feedback
B) intellectual skills training
C) an educational support program
D) behavior analysis

Question 48

 A step-by-step approach to presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response that is used in the treatment of ASD is called ____.

A) subtle trial training
B) response training
C) trial-response approach
D) discrete trial training

Question 49

 In comparison to children with ASD, children with childhood-onset schizophrenia ____.

A) tend to be younger at diagnosis
B) show a more chronic and declining course
C) show similar social and language deficits
D) show less intellectual impairment

Question 50

 Medications help control psychotic symptoms in children with schizophrenia by blocking ____ transmission at the ____ receptor.

A) dopamine, G2 GABA
B) dopamine, 5HT2 serotonin
C) serotonin, D2 dopamine
D) dopamine, D2 dopamine

Question 51

 Children with schizophrenia may be treated with ____ to diminish psychotic symptoms.

A) behavior modification
B) individual therapy
C) medications
D) family treatment

Question 52

 An example of a highly structured intervention would be one that

A) actively engages the child for at least 25 hours a week, year-round.
B) allows sufficient one-on-one time
C) uses predictable routines, visual activity schedules, and clear physical boundaries
D) emphasizes ongoing assessment.

Question 53

 The promise of early intervention with ASD derives primarily from ____.

A) the likelihood that parents have not yet become discouraged
B) the likelihood that intrusive and disruptive behaviors will not yet have been developed
C) the willingness of young children to please adults
D) the plasticity of neural systems early in development

Question 54

 Which statement about childhood-onset schizophrenia is false?

A) Childhood-onset schizophrenia appears to be a more severe form of adult-onset schizophrenia.
B) The criteria used to diagnose schizophrenia in adults can reliably be used to diagnose schizophrenia in children.
C) Childhood-onset schizophrenia typically has a sudden onset.
D) Childhood-onset schizophrenia is likely to persist into adolescence and adulthood.

Question 55

 Current views regarding the causes of schizophrenia emphasize ____.

A) biological factors
B) family environment factors
C) disruptions to prenatal development
D) genetic vulnerability and early neurodevelopmental insults

Question 56

 Which of the following is NOT considered by consensus to be an effective intervention for children with ASD?

A) Initiating intensive engagement, at least 25 hours a week
B) Beginning intervention as soon as an ASD diagnosis is seriously considered
C) Removing children from their homes and placing them in more structured settings
D) Monitoring the child's progress and making adjustments in treatment as needed

Question 57

 A drawback of psychotropic medications for children with ASD is that

A) studies have not shown that medications help alleviate specific behavioral symptoms.
B) side effects tend to magnify other symptoms of ASD.
C) the benefits vary from child to child.
D) children with ASD are likely to overuse these drugs.

Question 58

 Which characteristic is least prevalent in the families of children with schizophrenia?

A) Communication deviance
B) Use of harsh criticism toward the children
C) Economic hardship
D) Supportive bonds

Question 59

 The most common presenting symptom for children with childhood-onset schizophrenia is ____.

A) auditory hallucinations
B) visual hallucinations
C) paranoid delusions
D) flat affect

Question 60

 Schizophrenia is extremely rare prior to ____.

A) the preschool years
B) the early school years
C) adolescence
D) early to mid-adulthood

Question 61

 What are some symptoms of initial stages of childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS)?

Question 62

 What does it mean to say that ASD is a "spectrum" disorder?

Question 63

 Discuss the theory of mind hypothesis of ASD. What findings provide support for this hypothesis?

Question 64

 Explain the controversial extreme male brain theory of ASD.

Question 65

 What are the goals of treatment for children with ASD?

Question 66

 In what ways are children with ASD distinguishable from children with language delays?

Question 67

 Identify and describe initial symptoms that youngsters with COS may experience.

Question 68

 What are the core features of ASD?

Question 69

 Describe and identify the most common disorders and symptoms present in individuals with ASD.

Question 70

 Discuss the connection between vulnerability and stress in the cause of COS.

Question 71

 Describe the features that commonly characterize the speech of children with ASD who have developed some useful language.

Question 72

 In what ways are children with intellectual disability distinguishable from children with intellectual disability in addition to ASD?

Question 73

 Discuss the evidence for genetic factors in the etiology of ASD.

Question 74

 How are disruptive behaviors in early treatment of children with ASD addressed?

Question 75

 Why might it be difficult to identify schizophrenia in young children?