Deck 14: Exploitative Interactions Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease

Question 1

__________ consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants.

A) Predators
B) Pathogens
C) Herbivores
D) Parasites
E) Parasitoids

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Periodical cicadas spend 13 or 17 years

A) feeding in tree twigs before emerging as adults.
B) feeding on tree roots before emerging as adults.
C) as adults before laying eggs.
D) in a resistant, resting egg before hatching as larvae.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Bethel and Holmes demonstrated

A) positive phototaxis in Acanthocephalans infected by amphipods.
B) negative phototaxis in Acanthocephalans infected by amphipods.
C) positive phototaxis in amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans.
D) negative phototaxis in amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans.
E) increased herbivory by amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which statement about snowshoe hare and lynx populations in boreal Canada is false?

A) Lynx are not the only important predator of snowshoe hares.
B) Lynx and hare populations both oscillate repeatedly, with a similar period.
C) Snowshoe hares rarely deplete their food supply enough to affect their population biology.
D) Trapping records kept by non-scientists can provide useful records of hare population sizes.
E) Field experiments imply that hare cycles depend both on the hares' food and their predators.

Question 5

The presence of parasitic protozoa in a culture of competing Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum

A) can reverse the outcome of competition.
B) decreases the likelihood of coexistence.
C) has no effect on the outcome of competition.
D) increases the likelihood of coexistence.
E) has an effect on the outcome of competition only in the presence of predatory birds.

Question 6

In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a predator population in the absence of prey (hosts) would

A) grow exponentially.
B) grow logistically.
C) decline as predators die.
D) decline at first, but then increase as predators switch to other modes of feeding.
E) decline at first, but then reach a small equilibrium population size.

Question 7

The Lotka-Volterra predation model predicts that predators and prey, living together, will show

A) oscillations in population size that increase in amplitude through time.
B) oscillations in population size that remain of constant amplitude through time.
C) oscillations in population size that decrease in amplitude through time.
D) oscillations, but only when outside forces such as climatic variation are also present.
E) steady equilibria in population sizes.

Question 8

The standard error of the mean is equal to

A) the sample variance divided by the sample size.
B) the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.
C) the sample variance divided by the square root of the sample size.
D) twice the square root of the sample size.
E) twice the square root of the sample variance.

Question 9

Which of the following factors can stabilize predator-prey relationships by providing a prey refuge?

A) an area of prey habitat where predators cannot enter
B) an area of prey habitat that is isolated and difficult for predators to find
C) the occurrence of prey in numbers too large for predators to attack effectively
D) the ability of prey to grow to a size invulnerable to predation
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

Plagiorhynchus worms and Puccinia rusts are parasites that share the ability to change their host's behavior in way that

A) increase the length of time they can survive in their hosts.
B) decrease their host's mortality rates.
C) increase their hosts reproduction, thereby increasing production of parasite-infected offspring.
D) increase the likelihood of their (the parasites') transmission to a new host.
E) decrease the hosts' vulnerability to other parasites.

Question 11

A species feeding on the tissue of its host, while not killing it directly, is a

A) predator.
B) parasite.
C) parasitoid.
D) cannibal.
E) debilitator.

Question 12

Gause's experiments with Paramecium and Didinium showed

A) extinction of the predator, followed by extinction of the prey, in all habitats.
B) coexistence of predator and prey at fairly constant population sizes, in all habitats.
C) coexistence of predator and prey, but with oscillating population sizes, in all habitats.
D) coexistence of predator and prey at fairly constant population sizes, but only in the presence of refuges and predator reservoirs.
E) coexistence of predator and prey with oscillating population sizes, but only in the presence of refuges and predator reservoirs.

Question 13

Which of the following is a result of infection of Arabis by the plant parasite Puccinia monoica?

A) formation of an elongated rosette topped by a cluster of bright yellow leaves
B) formation of a pseudoflower that resembles the flower of a buttercup
C) insect transfer of spermatia from one fungus to another
D) elimination of seed formation by the host plant
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

Ephemerellid mayflies under attack by stoneflies will typically

A) swim away to escape possible predation.
B) rely on their cryptic coloration to escape detection.
C) rely on their spiny appendages to deter attack.
D) adopt a posture which increases their apparent size, so that the predator will avoid them.
E) burrow into the stream bottom.

Question 15

In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a prey (host) population in the absence of predators would

A) grow exponentially.
B) grow logistically.
C) grow exponentially, and then crash when it has outstripped its own food supply.
D) decline to extinction.
E) The model makes no assumptions about what happens in the absence of predators.

Question 16

A "negatively phototaxic" amphipod will swim

A) away from parasitic worms.
B) towards parasitic worms.
C) away from competing amphipods.
D) towards light.
E) away from light.

Question 17

In the Lotka-Volterra model, the rate of predation is represented by

A) c.
B) p.
C) cp.
D) d_pN_p
E) d_p

Question 18

Calculate standard error given: mm, s = 6.2 mm, and n = 10.

A) 0.62 mm
B) 0.88 mm
C) 1.96 mm
D) 9.06 mm
E) 17.8 mm

Question 19

In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, the predator death rate is represented by

A) c.
B) p.
C) cp.
D) d_pN_p.
E) d_p.

Question 20

Which of the following is not an example of altered behavior of the pill bug, Armadillidum vulgare, when infected by the parasite, Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus?

A) spends less time in sheltered areas
B) positive phototaxis
C) spends more time in low humidity environments
D) seeks out light substrates
E) all are examples of altered behavior of the pill bug when infected by the parasite

Question 21

_______________________ is the idea that predators can have non-lethal effects on prey's behavior in which they avoid high-risk locations.

Question 22

Which statement is not true of lynx and coyote predation of the snowshoe hare?

A) Lynx and coyote both show a strong numerical response to increases in the snowshoe hare population.
B) Lynx show higher predation rates when snowshoe hare numbers are declining.
C) Coyotes show higher predation rates when snowshoe hare numbers are increasing.
D) Coyotes show a clear type 2 functional response to increases in the snowshoe hare population.
E) At high hare densities, coyote and lynx predation rates exceed their daily energy needs.

Question 23

Birds are more effective predators than bats on foliage-living arthropods in tropical lowland forests.

Question 24

In most laboratory experiments, predators and prey held together in simple habitats exhibit repeated cycles in population sizes.

Question 25

Which of the following is a correct graphical representation of the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model?

A) predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations
B) predator numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations
C) predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers
D) predator numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers
E) both predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations and predator numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers

Question 26

An organism inducing disease in its host is called a ______________.

Question 27

Bats affect the cost of agriculture because

A) they consume crops and must be controlled.
B) they eat crop pests and reduce the amount of pesticides used.
C) they eat crop pests and reduce the amount of crop loss.
D) they eat crop pests and reduce both the amount of crop loss and the amount of pesticides used.
E) their flight patterns interfere with agricultural machinery.

Question 28

The defensive tactic in which prey reduce their individual probability of being eaten by occurring at very high densities is called

A) prey satiation.
B) prey dilution.
C) predator dilution.
D) predator satiation.
E) predator masting.