Deck 7: Settings for Development Home and School

Question 1

Offer a list of child-rearing principles that a developmental psychologist might give as parenting advice.

Answer 1

Overall, it's best to be authoritative, offering firm rules but lots of love. Following this optimal strategy, however, may be difficult with a "high maintenance child." During the teen years, or when raising any child who is biologically at risk, sensitive parenting is absolutely required. In general, it's important to adapt one's childrearing to the needs of each unique child. It may be best to become a bit more authoritarian, if living in a dangerous environment, in order to keep a child safe. Still, what's really crucial is to offer consistent rules and lots of love. Finally, understand that because so many forces affect development, a parent cannot micromanage a son or daughter into having a successful life. So, parents should relax and enjoy the fleeting childhood years!

Question 2

_____ children thrive despite growing up in terrible environments.

Answer 2

Resilient

Question 3

Sensitive parenting is especially vital when children have _____ temperaments.

Answer 3

at-risk; difficult

Question 4

According to parenting-style theories, _____ parents set high standards for their children and provide plenty of warmth.

Question 5

(1) Summarize the "g" concept and the ideas of Sternberg and Gardner; (2) offer a short critique of the latter two theories; and, finally, (3) explain which concept of intelligence is MOST appealing to you, and why.

Question 6

According to Judith Harris, _____ basically determine how children behave as adults.

Question 7

Contrast (1) Diana Baumrind's parenting styles framework, (2) the behavioral-genetic point of view, and (3) Judith Harris's peer group theory; then, (4) give your own ideas about how important parenting is in children's development.

Question 8

Spanking is _____ widely accepted today than in the past.

Question 9

With temperamentally "at risk" children, it's _____ difficult to maintain an authoritative parenting style.

Question 10

Teachers, nurses, and health-care professionals must report suspected child abuse to _____.

Question 11

Make the case against spanking. Then, give your own opinion on the subject.

Question 12

The term for physical discipline is _____.

Question 13

Tiffany is a new third-grade teacher who needs advice on how to be the best possible teacher. Based on the text, what advice can you give her?

Question 14

Low-income children entering kindergarten tend to score lower on school readiness tests and go to _____ schools than do their more affluent peers.

Question 15

A female friend has been in an unhappy marriage for years and is now contemplating divorce. She is concerned about possible effects of divorce on her two school-aged children. What advice and suggestions would you offer her, based on the text research?

Question 16

The three categories of problems that raise the risk of child maltreatment are parent personality problems, life stress, and children's _____ difficulties.

Question 17

Molly wants to stay up after her bedtime to go to a party where she will meet a famous athlete. Provide a likely answer if Molly's parents are (1) authoritative, (2) authoritarian, (3) permissive, and (4) rejecting-neglecting.

Question 18

_____ refers to the practice of divorced spouses badmouthing each other and systemically poisoning their children against an ex-spouse.

Question 19

The school counselor told Ricardo and Deanna that their 9-year-old daughter Samantha scored 135 on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Although they both are very pleased to hear this, they disagree about whether to tell Samantha her score: Deanna wants to tell her daughter, and Ricardo does not. Give Ricardo's argument, using research findings cited in the text, along with your own ideas.

Question 20

Discuss characteristics of successful schools.

Question 21

Places where community ties are close and neighbors bond around shared prosocial norms have _____.

A) working models
B) acculturation effects
C) resilient neighborhoods
D) collective efficacy

Question 22

Gardner's multiple intelligences model spells out _____ separate types of "intelligences," plus one other possible form.

Question 23

Controlling or micromanaging learning tasks is particularly poisonous to intrinsic motivation, because this practice interferes with students' basic need for _____.

Question 24

If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, the test is labeled _____.

Question 25

_____ refers to serious problems learning to read.

Question 26

Heather is being raised by a single parent. Heather's odds of living in poverty are roughly _____ times greater than for Hillary, who is growing up in a married two-parent family.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 10

Question 27

Learning tasks that are inherently extrinsic (such as courses one must take to graduate) can be made more intrinsic if instructors relate the material to students' _____.

Question 28

_____ motivated activities are pursued for their pure joy, not an outside reward.

Question 29

Stacey lives in a neighborhood where she and her neighbors have a resident cookout once a month and most of the children play soccer together. This neighborhood has _____.

A) working models
B) acculturation effects
C) resilient neighborhoods
D) collective efficacy

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) One in thirty people worldwide live outside of their nation of birth.
B) Almost 1 in 5 U.S. adults were born in another county.
C) Most recent U.S. immigrants came from Middle Eastern countries.
D) The top nation in the percentage of foreign-born residents is Luxemburg.

Question 31

According to Sternberg, the three types of intelligence are analytic, creative, and _____.

Question 32

Today, being raised in a traditional two-parent family is _____ in the United States.

A) almost universal
B) very common
C) rare
D) less common than before

Question 33

For low-income children, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are MORE likely to reflect _____ causes or influences than for middle- and higher-income children.

Question 34

Sternberg believes that intelligence tests can _____ students.

Question 35

According to the parenting-styles framework, parents are classified along two dimensions of providing:

A) rules; being child-centered.
B) food and clothes; being permissive.
C) safety; being playful.
D) care; being child-centered.

Question 36

Which U.S. child is most likely to live in poverty?

A) Alicia, whose parents are gay
B) Andrew, who is being raised by a single mother
C) Audrea, who has a stepdad
D) Asli, whose parents had her relatively late in their lives

Question 37

Achievement tests measure knowledge of school subjects, while _____ tests measure academic potential.

Question 38

Alicia is being raised in a blended family. This means that Alicia's parents:

A) adopted children.
B) divorced and remarried, so Alicia has step-siblings.
C) are a gay couple.
D) are multiracial.

Question 39

In successful schools, teachers provide _____ work to all their students.

Question 40

Spearman called his general intelligence factor _____.

Question 41

According to Baumrind's parenting-styles framework, which is the authoritative parent?

A) Martin allows his daughter to set her own bedtime, interrupt conversations, and to take a bath only when she "feels dirty."
B) Ning sets firm rules, makes no exceptions, and wears a shirt that says, "Because I'm the mommy."
C) Salil rarely knows where his 10-year-old daughter is; when she comes home, he doesn't care.
D) Petula insists on bedtime at 10, but she relaxes the rules for special occasions and offers lots of love.

Question 42

Which is NOT a valid criticism of Baumrind's parenting-styles framework?

A) Parenting styles can vary from child to child.
B) Parenting styles can differ by culture.
C) Authoritarian parenting styles are needed more in dangerous environments.
D) There is no correlation between parenting styles and a child's success.

Question 43

Who is LEAST likely to adopt an authoritarian parenting style?

A) Andrea, who is raising a child in a dangerous environment
B) Pippa, who lives in a rural area of the United States
C) Shoichi, who is raising a child with ADHD
D) Augustin, who is living in a harsh, dictatorial society

Question 44

In general, children do BEST when:

A) parents adopt a single discipline style.
B) parents have consistent rules.
C) fathers leave the disciplining to mothers.
D) mothers leave the disciplining to fathers.

Question 45

Professor Adachi is giving a lecture on the qualities that promote resilience. Which statement is she LEAST likely to make?

A) "It helps to be optimistic and be able to regulate your emotions."
B) "It helps to have a caring relationship with at least one adult."
C) "It helps to have superior intellectual skills or a special talent."
D) "It helps to have brothers and sisters."

Question 46

Which child raised under difficult conditions is most likely to have a successful adult life?

A) Oscar experienced a series of tragedies; his mother died, then his family lost all their money within a few years.
B) Petronella's parents are alcoholics, but Petronella is a mellow, optimistic child who spends her days with a loving grandmother.
C) Quincy's parents give all their attention to their eldest daughter, so they have very little time for Quincy.
D) Rhonda doesn't handle stress well and she gets very upset with change. Now that she is in fourth grade, Rhonda, has attended a total of eight schools.

Question 47

According to Baumrind's framework, which parent is LEAST likely to have a well-adjusted child?

A) Morty allows his daughter complete freedom but offers unconditional love.
B) Nadine is extremely strict, allowing no deviation from the rules.
C) Oswald rarely knows where his 9-year-old daughter is; when she comes home, he doesn't care.
D) Daphne requires her son to call if he is going to be home late, and wants homework done before dinner.

Question 48

Which parenting inconsistency is the WORST for children's well-being?

A) Mom is strict, and dad is permissive (or vice versa).
B) The parents' household rules unpredictably change.
C) Parents are strict in certain areas and permissive in others.
D) Each inconsistency is equally bad for children.

Question 49

Which of the following questions is relevant in determining a person's parenting style?

A) What is this child's temperament?
B) Has the child experienced parental divorce?
C) What is the family's SES?
D) Is this child growing up in a two-parent family?

Question 50

Talia grew up in an impoverished home and was abused as a child. Yet now, she has a loving, successful marriage, and a middle-class life. The developmental science label for Talia is _____.

A) responsible
B) resolved
C) resilient
D) resourceful

Question 51

Cedro and Margaret have clear rules and expectations. When a child breaks a rule, they listen to their son's or daughter's side of the story before deciding on a consequence. According to Baumrind's parenting-style framework, Cedro and Margaret have a(n) _____ parenting style.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) neglecting

Question 52

Mick and Katsumi require their children to do homework right after school. If a child asks, "Can you make an exception today, as I have a party?" they always say "No." According to Baumrind's parenting-styles framework, Mick and Katsumi have a(n) _____ parenting style.

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) rejecting-neglecting
D) authoritarian

Question 53

According to the research, which family is MOST likely to adopt a permissive parenting style?

A) the Hernandezes, who live in Mexico
B) the Smiths, whose child has a chronic disease
C) the Sullivans, whose daughter has serious emotional problems
D) Mellissa, who is a single parent

Question 54

Contemporary parents should offer children lots of _____.

A) love
B) rules
C) discipline
D) instruction

Question 55

Which is NOT a bottom-line message of the text's parenting-styles discussion?

A) Parenting styles can vary from child to child.
B) Parenting styles differ, depending on the environment.
C) Authoritarian parents are happy with their childrearing.
D) In the United States today, it's best to offer children lots of love.

Question 56

Which is NOT a take-home message from the text's parenting-styles discussion?

A) Parents vary their styles from child to child.
B) Parenting styles vary, depending on the environment.
C) Understand the parents' situation and thinking before judging their childrearing.
D) Never make judgments about parents' child-rearing styles.

Question 57

According to Baumrind's framework, which parent has an authoritarian parenting style?

A) Malik allows his daughter free rein of the house.
B) Ping has rigid household rules and allows no exceptions.
C) Olivero rarely knows where his daughter is.
D) Sofia's rules vary, depending on the situation.

Question 58

If a family is moving to a dangerous area of the world, the text suggests that it might be BEST to:

A) adopt a more rigid, rule-oriented parenting style.
B) adopt a more laid back, permissive parenting style.
C) keep one's parenting style the same.
D) change one's parenting style with daughters, but not with sons.

Question 59

Identify each parenting style: (1) The Smiths provide incredible love, but no discipline; (2) The Joneses are very strict, and don't allow deviations from the rules; (3) The Johnsons' home is chaotic, with parents absent in their children's lives.

A) (1) authoritative; (2) authoritarian; (3) permissive
B) (1) permissive; (2) authoritarian; (3) rejecting-neglecting
C) (1) rejecting-neglecting; (2) authoritarian; (3) permissive
D) (1) permissive; (2) authoritative; (3) rejecting-neglecting

Question 60

Which child is MOST likely to be resilient?

A) Eloise, whose parents abandoned her, but who has close, caring relationships with relatives
B) Francois, who frequently gets into fights, and has alienated the class
C) Gemma, who has lived through a series of tragedies within a short time
D) Hasad, who has trouble managing his emotions, and frequently changes schools

Question 61

Which U.S. group is NOT at high risk of frequently using corporal punishment?

A) evangelical Christians, especially those who strongly prioritize obedience
B) African Americans
C) people who live in the western states
D) people who were spanked as children and felt this discipline helped

Question 62

The most popular discipline technique in the United States is _____.

A) spanking
B) removal of privileges
C) shaming and guilt
D) yelling

Question 63

Which is NOT a vital situation that requires "superior parenting"?

A) A baby is temperamentally at risk.
B) The child has biological problems.
C) A baby is premature.
D) The child gets high scores on intelligence tests.

Question 64

Who would be LEAST likely to use corporal punishment?

A) an eighteenth-century upper-class parent
B) a nineteenth-century upper-class parent
C) a twenty-first century developed-world parent
D) a twenty-first century developing-world parent

Question 65

Children who are temperamentally "difficult" are MOST likely to thrive with _____ parents.

A) authoritarian
B) highly structured
C) unusually sensitive
D) permissive

Question 66

It is illegal today to use corporal punishment in:

A) almost every nation.
B) many developed nations.
C) Scandinavia alone.
D) very few nations.

Question 67

A student is writing a paper on trends in corporal punishment. She should make which of the following points?

A) Corporal punishment has always been a practice that is frowned upon.
B) Child corporal punishment is now condemned by the UN and the American Academy of Pediatrics.
C) Few U.S. parents ever spank their children today.
D) Corporal punishment is against the law in day-care centers and schools in all U.S. states.

Question 68

Which of the following is a "take-home message" regarding the text's discussion on resilience?

A) People are not genetically prone to be either more (or less) resilient.
B) It is not possible for people to be resilient in the face of totally overwhelming life stress.
C) Resilience depends on only environmental factors.
D) Resilience depends on having at least one loving attachment figure.

Question 69

Which is NOT a take-home message from the text's parenting-styles discussion?

A) A variety of forces, not just parenting, determine how children turn out.
B) Superior parenting is vital when children are genetically reactive or biologically at risk.
C) Difficult children are destined to experience little success in their lives.
D) Good parenting involves being flexible, adapting childrearing to a particular child and environment.

Question 70

According to Judith Harris's theory, to predict how children will act as adults, people should look to:

A) the norms of their peer group.
B) the quality of their upbringing.
C) their genetics.
D) their socioeconomic status.

Question 71

In surveys, most U.S. parents report spanking their children:

A) sometimes.
B) often.
C) never.
D) with joy.

Question 72

"Children's temperament shapes parenting styles." This statement would be made by a(n) _____.

A) psychoanalyst
B) behaviorist
C) behavioral-genetics researcher
D) Eriksonian

Question 73

Carla grew up in a war-torn country, witnessed violence, and lost her beloved father when she was 10 years old. Which is NOT a quality that might help promote resilience in Carla?

A) She is mellow and can regulate her emotions.
B) Carla is extremely close to her mother.
C) This child has many siblings.
D) Carla is genetically "immune" to stress.

Question 74

"I'm worried that if my child gets in with the wrong peer group, he will go down a bad path." _____ is the theorist whose ideas resonate with this classic parental fear.

A) A behavioral geneticist
B) Judith Harris
C) Diana Baumrind
D) Erik Erikson

Question 75

Which statement does NOT support Judith Harris's peer-power principle?

A) "Immigrant children tend to adopt U.S. customs rather than their parents' practices."
B) "Children model the behaviors of their peers more than those of their parents."
C) "Genetics governs whether children succeed or fail."
D) "Children act differently with their parents than they do with their friends."

Question 76

Magda admits, "I'm less loving with my son than with my daughter. I realize that a lot of what is called good parenting depends on the child." Magda would agree with _____ perspective on parenting.

A) Baumrind's styles
B) a behavioral geneticist's
C) a behaviorist's
D) a psychoanalytic theorist's

Question 77

Dr. McKinna is lecturing about U.S. spanking practices. He should state that corporal punishment is:

A) used more often by certain U.S. groups.
B) frequently used by most parents.
C) illegal in most states.
D) rare in the twenty-first century United States.

Question 78

_____ is an example of corporal punishment.

A) Spanking
B) Time out
C) Detention
D) Withdrawal of love

Question 79

Link each statement with the relevant parenting perspective: (1) A child's personality shapes parenting; (2) children model their peer group rather than what they learn at home; (3) having firm rules and being loving produces a successful child.

A) (1) behavioral genetics; (2) Harris's peer group theory; (3) Baumrind's styles framework
B) (1) Harris's peer group theory; (2) behavioral genetics; (3) Baumrind's styles framework
C) (1) Baumrind's styles framework; (2) Harris's peer group theory; (3) behavioral genetics
D) (1) behavioral genetics; (2) Baumrind's styles framework; (3) Harris's peer group theory

Question 80

Which is NOT a bottom-line message from the text's parenting-styles section?

A) Children's development depends on many forces, so parents don't have total control.
B) Parents should be flexible, adapting their childrearing to the unique child and life situation.
C) Difficult children need firm rules and strict parenting.
D) Children today should be given lots of love.