Deck 5: Consumption and Exchange

Question 1

A pure gift is _________.

A)the predominant form of exchange among foragers
B)something that is given only once
C)something for which a "return" is not expected or calculated
D)when reciprocity is immediate and completely balanced
E)the most common form of exchange in all modes of livelihood

Answer 1

something for which a "return" is not expected or calculated

Question 2

The kula is an example of __________.

A)a simple form of the World Trade Organization in its goal of promoting free trade across regions
B)market exchange
C)unbalanced exchange
D)balanced exchange
E)the "pure" gift

Answer 2

balanced exchange

Question 3

Buying a cup of coffee for a friend is an example of _________.

A)balanced exchange
B)unbalanced exchange
C)redistribution
D)theft
E)none of the above

Answer 3

balanced exchange

Question 4

If you were invited to attend a potlatch among the Kwakwaka'wakw Indians of the Pacific Northwest, you would probably __________.

A)be expected to bring cash to give to the host
B)come back empty handed
C)eat a lot
D)never see those same people again afterwards
E)be sure to take a lot of rice to throw at the bride

Question 5

Inequalities in consumption __________.

A)are generally more marked in industrial/informatic societies than in non-industrial societies
B)are often influenced by age
C)are related to class differences in income level
D)have increased in post-Soviet Union societies
E)all of the above

Question 6

A study of consumption patterns among low-income African-American schoolchildren in New Haven, Connecticut, revealed that __________.

A)the children do not understand the negative effects of overspending when money is available
B)their consumption patterns are similar to those of white middle-class children
C)the boys are more likely to spend their money on family needs and gifts than girls are
D)girls spend most of their money on clothes for themselves when they shop in a mall
E)the children learn practical lessons about household finances at a young age

Question 7

Which of the following occurs at the industrialized/informatic mode of consumption and exchange?

A)increased expected reciprocity
B)increased social equality
C)increased leisure time
D)increased unbalanced exchange
E)increased reliance on eating meat

Question 8

In the Balgo Hills of Australia, myths and rituals are an important item of exchange __________.

A)among men in warring groups as a way of conflict resolution
B)among women in the region
C)as part of a marriage engagement
D)between the family of a bride and groom at the wedding
E)none of the above: no one exchanges such non-material goods

Question 9

In foraging societies, the largest share of people's "budget" usually is devoted to __________.

A)taxes, just like the rest of us
B)contributions and gifts for the chief
C)basic needs such as food and shelter
D)parties, public ceremonies, festivals, etc
E)none of the above: foragers live in a "free" society

Question 10

In Oman, the typical items served to close neighbors when they visit are __________.

A)pizza and coca cola
B)coffee and dates
C)tea and cookies
D)salty snacks
E)cooked food

Question 11

Cultural materialist Marvin Harris would say that "food is good to eat," while interpretivist Mary Douglas would say that __________.

A)"meat is good to eat"
B)"sacred cows are good to eat"
C)"food is good to think"
D)"food is good to share"
E)food is best viewed as an adaptation to the local ecology

Question 12

A cause of increased social inequality is __________.

A)privatization in the former USSR
B)the transition from foraging to settled ways of making a living
C)the emergence of agriculture
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 13

Minimalism most characterizes which mode of consumption and exchange?

A)industrialism/digital economy
B)pastoralism
C)horticulture
D)agriculture
E)foraging

Question 14

In contrast to an entitlement bundle based on owning your own land and producing your own food, entitlements that involve exchange are referred to as __________.

A)indirect entitlements
B)exploitation
C)negative reciprocity
D)the welfare state
E)redistribution

Question 15

If you were to spend time and money for your group's upcoming potlatch, you would be using your __________.

A)leisure-time fund
B)recurrent costs fund
C)ceremonial fund
D)special fund
E)entertainment fund

Question 16

An example of an important cash crop is __________.

A)coffee
B)tobacco
C)tea
D)all of the above
E)none of the above: these are all necessity crops

Question 17

Balanced exchange __________.

A)is non-existent in industrial/informatic societies
B)involves only inexpensive, everyday items
C)is usually administered or regulated by a central leader or the by the government
D)best describes what happens at a shopping mall
E)is a system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual balance in value

Question 18

The social distribution of the disease kuru in Papua New Guinea reflects an entitlement pattern based on which microcultural factor?

A)ethnicity
B)class
C)age
D)gender
E)all of the above

Question 19

Infinite needs most characterize which economic system?

A)industrialism/digital economy
B)horticulture
C)agriculture
D)foraging
E)pastoralism

Question 20

Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market __________.

A)sells only to individual customers
B)is declining in importance due to globalization
C)is the largest fish market in the world
D)allows only Japanese people to spend time in the market
E)posts all fish prices on cardboard signs

Question 21

Money is the oldest form of item used for exchange.

Question 22

The kula is an example of expected reciprocity.

Question 23

The famine in southern Sudan in 1988 is an example of how entitlement analysis can help improve the effectiveness of humanitarian aid.

Question 24

Indigenous peoples in the United States currently prefer the term "Indian" or "tribal people" rather than "Native American.

Question 25

According to the textbook, investing in the stock market is a form of gambling.

Question 26

In small-scale societies, consumption items are typically produced by someone with whom the consumer has a face-to-face relationship.

Question 27

Exchange relationships between settled Lese farmers and Efe foragers in the Ituri Forest are best characterized as __________.

A)sustained unbalanced exchange
B)generalized reciprocity
C)exchanging pure gifts
D)market trade
E)pooled budgeting

Question 28

Non-material goods such as myths can be exchange items.

Question 29

The major item of exchange between the Lese and Efe is __________.

A)children
B)food
C)water
D)cloth
E)all of the above

Question 30

The state in the United States with the greatest economic inequality between reservations with and without casinos is __________.

A)Michigan
B)Wisconsin
C)Nebraska
D)Maine
E)California

Question 31

Because of missionary and government pressures, the Northwest Coast Indian potlatch system now __________.

A)is completely extinct
B)exists among some, but not all, tribes where it is practiced in modified forms
C)resembles a North American-style Christmas
D)is completely unrecognizable from its pre-contact, traditional form
E)is still against the law

Question 32

The basic needs fund is the largest budgetary category among foragers.

Question 33

Consumption includes both what a person intakes

Question 34

In terms of per capita income, Connecticut is the wealthiest state in the United States.

Question 35

The primary category of exchange in market economies is sale for profit.

Question 36

During a famine, people are better off if they have access to indirect entitlements.

Question 37

Cultural anthropologists have studied patterns of livelihood and consumption, but they have neglected the study of exchange.

Question 38

Among most agricultural societies sharing within the group is the norm.

Question 39

A culture of sharing food until death contributed to the famine conditions in the Sudan in 1988.

Question 40

Minimalism is the mode of consumption most associated with settled agriculturalists.

Question 41

Consumption patterns in the contemporary globalized world linked to mass production are labeled as __________.

Question 42

Cultural anthropologists use the term __________ to refer to currency or items with recognized value that can be exchanged for other kinds of things.

Question 43

The economist/philosopher Amartya Sen proposed the concept of __________.

Question 44

In Papua New Guinea, gender inequalities and food consumption patterns have caused many of the Fore people, mostly women, to suffer from __________.

Question 45

The budgetary fund that deals with the need for repair of tools, weapons, and shelter is referred to as the __________ fund.

Question 46

__________ is the attempt to make a profit by playing a game of chance.

Question 47

The adoption of Western foods among indigenous Amazon peoples is an aspect of globalization related to consumption patterns.

Question 48

London, San Francisco, Sweden, and Italy are examples of industrialized/digital economy cities or countries that have taken steps to reduce __________.

Question 49

Distinctive consumption patterns or consumption __________ can be shaped by class, gender and race.

Question 50

In terms of changes in consumption, the effects of __________ in Russia and Eastern Europe include class differences in consumption, deterioration in diets of pregnant women, increase in low birth weight babies, and an increase in childhood anemia.

Question 51

Potlatching is now being revitalized among the Kwakwaka'wakw.

Question 52

In highland Papua New Guinea, the food with the highest status is __________.

Question 53

Whereas generalized reciprocity/balanced exchange is the prominent form of exchange in foraging societies, in __________ societies, it is the sale.

Question 54

New research on the production of the drug ecstasy indicates that production and distribution channels have become highly diffuse.

Question 55

Exchange within small groups of people who know each other, carried out in a personal and face-to-face situation, is characteristic of the form of exchange called __________.

Question 56

The theoretical perspective that views the Muslim taboo against eating meat from pigs by in terms of the ecology and economy of the Middle East is called __________.

Question 57

What is meant by minimalism and describe an ethnographic example.

Question 58

The income and other effects of gaming in California are so substantial for Indians and their neighbors that the gap is nearly closed between conditions on Indian reservations and those for most Americans.

Question 59

For their children's birthday parties, middle-class and upper-class urbanites in __________ express their status by choosing cultural themes and/or hiring party professionals.

Question 60

The geography of Oman is mainly a vast __________.

Question 61

Discuss some of the major effects of the global spread of consumerism.

Question 62

What are three characteristics of modern money?

Question 63

Describe how debt is a form of unbalanced exchange and provide a reason that it is not found among foraging societies.

Question 64

What is the historical context and contemporary situation of the Kwakwaka'wakw?

Question 65

Explain the concept of exploitation as a form of exchange and provide an ethnographic example.

Question 66

Discuss three examples of change in consumption and exchange in recent times.

Question 67

Define the pure gift and give an example of what a pure gift might be.

Question 68

Describe balanced exchange and its two major patterns. Then discuss two forms of unbalanced exchange. How are these four categories of exchange distributed in terms of various modes of livelihood? What are some examples of each type of exchange?

Question 69

Describe how consumption varies in three different microcultures.

Question 70

What are the different forms of money and how are they used?

Question 71

What is redistribution as a form of exchange and how does it work?

Question 72

What are the five household consumption funds and how do they various in different cultural contexts?

Question 73

Discuss the five categories of a consumption fund and what they are used for. Assess your own weekly or monthly expenditures, roughly, in terms of these categories. Are the categories adequate to capture your expenditure patterns? Do the five categories need to be redefined or do other categories need to be added? If yes, what and why? If no, comment as to why not.

Question 74

Discuss an example of a non-tangible item of exchange.

Question 75

Define the concept of entitlements and explain the difference between direct and indirect entitlements, providing an example of each type.