Deck 4: Making a Living

Question 1

Compared to temperate climate foragers, circumpolar foragers __________.

A)rely more on plant food
B)have less sophisticated technology
C)spend less time and energy procuring food
D)have a more sharply differentiated gender division of labor
E)spend less time and energy on constructing shelters

Answer 1

have a more sharply differentiated gender division of labor

Question 2

One topic where many economists and economic anthropologists both do research is __________.

A)the pure gift
B)food security
C)the foraging mode of livelihood
D)life histories of workers
E)none of the above: there are no shared areas of interest between economists and economic anthropologists

Answer 2

food security

Question 3

Pastoralism __________.

A)is a mode of livelihood based on domesticated animal herds and the use of their products, such as meat and milk
B)is the oldest way of making a living
C)has more occupational specialization than agricultural societies
D)gives women a dominant economic role in all pastoralist societies
E)originated first in the New World

Answer 3

is a mode of livelihood based on domesticated animal herds and the use of their products, such as meat and milk

Question 4

In Thailand, __________.

A)it is illegal to sell sex
B)it is legal to purchase sex
C)child sex work is an increasingly important part of the country's economy
D)parents send daughters into sex work for the sake of the family's welfare
E)all of the above

Question 5

In foraging societies, the division of labor is __________.

A)differentiated by age
B)flexible
C)organized within families
D)more gender-differentiated in circumpolar environments than in temperate environments
E)all of the above

Question 6

An example of work that usually fits into the category of the informal sector is __________.

A)sales clerk in a department store
B)professional basketball player
C)social worker
D)college professor
E)sex worker

Question 7

Property relations in foraging societies are best termed __________.

A)class-based
B)based on the concept of use rights
C)age-based
D)gender-based
E)all of the above

Question 8

Which culture depends mainly on pastoralism for its livelihood?

A)Hare
B)Mundurucu
C)Yanomami
D)Ju/wasi
E)Qashqa'i

Question 9

The gender division of labor in the agricultural mode of livelihood __________.

A)is most egalitarian of all modes of livelihood
B)involves highly overlapping tasks for males and females in most societies
C)means that men work more hours and women work fewer than in horticulture
D)tends to allocate both production and processing of food to men
E)is more segregated than in temperate foraging societies

Question 10

Maintaining the fallow period is essential for the sustainability of which system?

A)horticulture
B)agriculture
C)pastoralism
D)foraging
E)industrialism/digital economy

Question 11

The Yanomami region is located __________.

A)between Brazil and Venezuela
B)between Peru and Brazil
C)on the coast of Brazil
D)in Chile
E)in Ecuador

Question 12

Female farming systems are __________.

A)mainly associated with wet rice cultivation
B)numerically more predominant than male farming systems
C)found mainly in Europe
D)mainly associated with wheat cultivation
E)farming systems in which women do most of the domestic work

Question 13

Compared to family farming, corporate farming is __________.

A)more geared to production for sale
B)less reliant on capital
C)declining in importance as an economic system in the United States
D)more energy-efficient
E)none of the above: there are no differences between the two

Question 14

The country in which the so-called Jarawa people live is __________.

A)Papua New Guinea
B)India
C)Brazil
D)Indonesia
E)the Philippines

Question 15

Among the Hare Indians, the most important animal is __________.

A)dogs
B)horses
C)sheep
D)dogs and horses
E)none of the above: the Hare have no domesticated animals of importance to them

Question 16

The two most important factors on which the division of labor is based in horticultural societies are __________.

A)age and race
B)gender and race
C)age and gender
D)gender and class
E)class and race

Question 17

Which mode of livelihood has characterized most of human existence?

A)cannibalism
B)pastoralism
C)foraging
D)agriculture
E)horticulture

Question 18

Compared to the foraging mode of livelihood, the industrial/digital economy mode of livelihood __________.

A)produces goods in response to consumer demand
B)employs people in manufacturing and service industries
C)is the production of goods through mass employment in business and commercial operations
D)is divided between the formal and informal sector
E)all of the above

Question 19

Children have the most tasks in which mode of livelihood?

A)pastoralism
B)industrialism/digital economy
C)intensive agriculture
D)horticulture
E)none of the above: children's work roles are universally minimal

Question 20

An example of indigenous knowledge is __________.

A)how much rainfall to expect and when to expect it
B)what foods grow best in what conditions
C)how types of soil differ
D)how to prevent insects from destroying crops
E)all of the above

Question 21

Fallowing is a critical phase in foraging.

Question 22

Compared to pastoralism and horticulture, agriculture is a more land-intensive strategy.

Question 23

The precolonial Iroquois depended mainly on pastoralism for their livelihood.

Question 24

The most important threat to the Andaman Islanders is from encroachment from outsiders.

Question 25

The mode of livelihood that is based on growing food through a system of shifting cultivation is agriculture.

Question 26

A cause of change in the family farming system of the Maya in Chiapas, Mexico, was __________.

A)increased wage work
B)crop diversification
C)the oil boom
D)increased government spending
E)all of the above

Question 27

Anthropologists organize knowledge about ways of making a living into categories called systems.

Question 28

According to Patty Kelly, prostitution is one form of sex work.

Question 29

With its population of 2.9 million and its vast territory, __________ is the most sparsely populated country of the world.

A)Russia
B)Mongolia
C)Tibet
D)Japan
E)China

Question 30

According to the textbook, economic systems include three components: production, consumption and sustainability.

Question 31

Cultural revival among the Tiwi of Australia involves them in the market economy to a certain degree; before this, their economy was based mainly on __________.

A)pastoralism
B)a combination of pastoralism and horticulture
C)horticulture
D)agriculture
E)foraging

Question 32

Mongolian pastoralists of the former Soviet Union are now adjusting to __________.

A)having to become citizens of China
B)a collectivized system of agricultural production
C)loss of their herds from foot and mouth disease
D)the market economy
E)becoming part of the urban poor

Question 33

The concept of property relations that exists among traditional, undisturbed foragers is called the informal sector.

Question 34

In some parts of the world, family farming involves a complementary division of labor between men and women.

Question 35

Foragers of temperate climates have a more clearly marked gender division of labor than foragers of the circumpolar region.

Question 36

Compared to working in the formal sector of the economy, working in the informal sector is more likely to provide a secure income.

Question 37

One major difference between economists and economic anthropologists is their research methods.

Question 38

The control of distribution is the critical factor for women's status in horticultural societies.

Question 39

A case study of a Taiwanese factory in South Africa found that the main reason for South African workers' resentment against the Taiwanese managers is __________.

A)the exploitative wages
B)the failure to provide a lunchroom where management and workers ate together
C)the Taiwanese way of organizing production based on Taiwanese hierarchical kinship structures
D)the excessively long work hours without a break
E)that the Taiwanese did not hire cultural anthropologists to study the workers' attitudes and values

Question 40

Before they began migrating to settlement areas for work on rubber plantations, the Mundurucu of the Amazon relied mainly on which mode of livelihood?

A)horticulture
B)a combination of pastoralism and horticulture
C)pastoralism
D)foraging
E)agriculture

Question 41

Changes in economic power in the later part of the twentieth century have created a global economy.

Question 42

Qasqa'I, Mongolian herders, Saami and Navajo are examples of a __________ group.

Question 43

Men are stronger than women, women are more involved in child care, and women are more involved in food-processing are several hypothesis that explain male dominance in __________.

Question 44

A Ju/wasi traditional shelter involves __________.

Question 45

If you work, earn wages, and have taxes taken out of your paycheck by the government, you are working in the __________ sector.

Question 46

The Andaman Islands were first colonized by the __________.

Question 47

As a result of recent changes, the Tiwi have become part of the global economy and no longer rely mainly on __________ for their livelihood.

Question 48

Before the arrival of outsiders and displacement from their land, the Ju/wasi made a living from __________.

Question 49

The mode of livelihood that depends mainly on herding animals and using their products is called __________.

Question 50

Most cultural anthropologists see economic globalization as beneficial, while economists emphasize its negative effects in noncapitalist settings.

Question 51

Tibetan Buddhism is Mongolia's primary religion.

Question 52

The Tiwi Region in Northern Australia consists of hundreds of small islands.

Question 53

Child sex workers in Thailand feel their work is moral because it is performed in order to support their families.

Question 54

Iran's economy today is based mainly on __________.

Question 55

Cross-culturally, a key task in agriculture mainly done by men is __________.

Question 56

In Southeast Asia, __________ is a form of agriculture characterized by a predominant role of women.

Question 57

Before the invention of __________, modes of livelihood were all extensive rather than intensive.

Question 58

Yanomami, Mundurucu, Iroquois, and Gusii are examples of a __________ group.

Question 59

The total number of indigenous people in the Andaman Islands is approximately __________.

Question 60

Sex work is classified as part of the __________ sector of the economy.

Question 61

Name and briefly describe the five major modes of livelihood.

Question 62

Why is agriculture less sustainable than foraging?

Question 63

Define the public/private dichotomy and provide an example of work in each sector.

Question 64

What are use rights and in what mode of livelihood area they most prominent?

Question 65

What is the difference between an extensive strategy and an intensive strategy, and provide an example of livelihood in each.

Question 66

What are some of the major issues facing the Tiwi of Northern Australia today?

Question 67

What are three key features of industrial agriculture and their social effects?

Question 68

Who are the Andaman Islanders, what is their recent history, and what challenges are they facing today?

Question 69

Describe an example of contemporary change in a mode of livelihood

Question 70

Define the concept of the world economy and explain its relevance for understanding contemporary globalization.

Question 71

How do property relations differ in the various modes of livelihood? Provide illustrations.

Question 72

How does the division of labor differ between temperate foraging and circumpolar foraging, and what reasons underlie the difference?

Question 73

Describe the five modes of livelihood with attention to the division of labor. Provide an example of a group of people who practice, or did practice, that form of production.

Question 74

What are two characteristics of the gender division of labor in family farming?

Question 75

How does children's labor differ in different modes of livelihood and what factor best explains the variation?

Question 76

What factors put the sustainability of horticulture at risk?