Deck 15: Urbanization,population,and the Environment

Question 1

The most populous cities in the world include over 10 million inhabitants,but even more people may live in a cluster of cities and towns,forming a continuous network called:

A) a megalopolis
B) a metropolis
C) a conurbation
D) urbanization

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to sociologists who use __________,cities tend to develop in response to advantageous features of the environment-for example,on the shores of rivers,on fertile plains,and at the intersections of trading routes.

A) the collective-consumption theory of urban development
B) gentrification analysis
C) the created-environment approach to urban analysis
D) the ecological approach to urban analysis

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Around what time did the first cities emerge?

A) about 3500 BCE
B) about 1000 BCE
C) about 1860
D) about 1500

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When Jorge first moved to Chicago from his small,rural town in California,he found it hard to meet new people.Back home in his small town,people often said hello to each other on the street,and he knew the name of most of the people who lived in his town.However,in Chicago people rarely made eye contact with him on the street.According to Louis Wirth,Jorge was experiencing:

A) the rudeness of urban people
B) the urban interaction problem
C) rural isolationism
D) the racism of urban life

Question 5

The global population grew 49 percent from 1900 to 1950,and during the same period urbanization increased:

A) 25 percent
B) 239 percent
C) 105 percent
D) 500 percent

Question 6

Sociologists refer to a "city of cities" as:

A) a mega-urbation
B) a metropolis
C) a megalopolis
D) urbanization

Question 7

According to David Harvey and Manuel Castells,the most important factors that affect cities are:

A) natural growth and development
B) ecological processes
C) government decisions and social movements
D) size and shape

Question 8

Sandra lives in the heart of a large city.Lately,there have been several robberies on several of the streets near where Sandra lives but none on her street.Sandra and her neighbors believe that they have not seen any crime on their street because they know each other,notice when strangers or strange cars are in the neighborhood,and have a mix of old retired couples and young families who use the neighborhood at different times of the day.Jane Jacobs would see this as an example of:

A) gentrification
B) nosy neighbors
C) inner-city life
D) eyes and ears on the street

Question 9

The Chicago School focused on cities as __________; however,most contemporary theory and research in urban sociology focus on cities as __________.

A) natural formations; created environments
B) places of conflict; places of cooperation
C) social constructions; created environments
D) dangerous; safe

Question 10

Urban ecology emphasizes the __________ of city areas,whereby the specialized groups on which people depend are located in the city centers.

A) segregation
B) independence
C) interdependence
D) division

Question 11

In most ancient cities:

A) the elite and ruling class generally lived in the city center
B) the outer area was primarily a religious and political district
C) an inner wall offered military defense
D) there was little separation from the countryside

Question 12

According to Louis Wirth,__________ is an approach that explains how the cultural life of cities comes to dominate areas outside cities as well.

A) urbanism as a way of life
B) the ecological approach
C) the created-environment approach to urban analysis
D) collective consumption

Question 13

China is the world's most populous country,with approximately __________ people.

A) 2 billion
B) 1 billion
C) 1.3 billion
D) 2 million

Question 14

China is one of the largest producers of greenhouse gases because it relies on __________ for 70 percent of its energy needs.

A) coal
B) natural gas
C) windmills
D) oil

Question 15

Manuel Castells emphasized __________,such as the gay community in San Francisco,as an important factor in urban development.

A) model minorities
B) privileged groups
C) revolutionary groups
D) underprivileged groups

Question 16

Today more than __________ of the American population lives in metropolitan areas.

A) 95 percent
B) 80 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 10 percent

Question 17

In modern societies,most of the population lives:

A) in cities
B) in rural,agricultural towns
C) in villages
D) in the suburbs

Question 18

The central area of a city that is distinct from the outlying suburban areas is called:

A) the midtown
B) the inner city
C) the business district
D) the intra-city

Question 19

According to the ecological approach,the development of urban areas can be understood as similar to:

A) the natural world
B) the solar system
C) rural development
D) a machine

Question 20

Britain was the first country to undergo industrialization,which generated __________,the movement of population from the countryside into towns and cities.

A) urbanization
B) metropolization
C) megalomania
D) conurbation

Question 21

Although more racial and ethnic minorities are moving to the suburbs,the suburbs remain largely white.Only __________ of the suburban population was nonwhite in 2000.

A) 25 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 5 percent

Question 22

The decline in jobs in the manufacturing industries in the urban United States corresponded to an increase in jobs in the:

A) low-skill service industry
B) white-collar service industry
C) blue-collar skilled sector,such as plumbing
D) IT industry

Question 23

The inner cities in the United States have decayed in the past 50 years.What reasons do sociologists give for this decay?

A) Businesses,jobs,and middle-class residents have moved to the inner city.
B) Manufacturing industries have disappeared and taken away many of the blue-collar jobs for which lower-class residents were qualified.
C) Segregation has significantly decreased.
D) There is a lack of public transportation to the businesses and jobs in the inner city.

Question 24

From 1999 to 2000,16.1 percent of Americans moved,and more than half moved to places within the same county.According to your textbook,why do people go to the trouble of moving,when they basically remain in the same place?

A) They are in search of better career opportunities.
B) They are looking for more diverse communities.
C) They want to improve their housing.
D) They want to be closer to their parents or children.

Question 25

Rural areas in the United States have seen their populations decline because of:

A) low poverty rates
B) growth in farming industries
C) too many government services
D) lack of opportunities for young people

Question 26

In what way has globalization affected the migration patterns of Americans?

A) Global technology and improvements in transportation mean that more people are immigrating to the cities in the United States,which encourages white Americans to move to the suburbs and rural areas.
B) Global technology has made it possible for all people to move wherever they want and work from home.
C) Urbanization has become less of an issue thanks to the availability of a wide variety of products from around the world virtually anywhere.
D) Global technology has facilitated the movement of capital to places,both abroad and in the United States,where costs of business are lower and the potential for profits is higher.

Question 27

The areas of housing outside inner cities are called:

A) smaller neighborhoods
B) business districts
C) suburbs
D) conurbations

Question 28

With the support of government programs,the rapid increase of suburbanization in the United States occurred in the:

A) 1950s and 1960s
B) 1930s and 1940s
C) 1920s and 1930s
D) 1980s and 1990s

Question 29

Which of the following jobs most closely illustrates the informal economy?

A) a used-book vendor on the streets of New York City
B) a secretary at a multinational paper-manufacturing company
C) a sociology professor
D) unionized garbage workers in the northeastern United States

Question 30

According to William Julius Wilson,the growth of an urban underclass is largely due to:

A) whites leaving urban areas for the suburbs
B) blue-collar manufacturing industries moving out of urban areas
C) lower educational levels among urban minorities
D) a lack of amenities in urban areas

Question 31

When more affluent groups move back into cities and renovate dilapidated buildings and neighborhoods,the process is called:

A) conurbation
B) metropolization
C) gentrification or urban renewal
D) urbanization

Question 32

Suburbanization is the process of:

A) the development of state-subsidized housing
B) the movement of nonwhite populations outside the city
C) the redevelopment of housing in the inner city
D) the massive development and inhabitation of towns surrounding cities

Question 33

According to David Harvey,the vast expansion of suburban development outside of cities was most significantly influenced by:

A) racism
B) where firms decide to place their factories
C) tax breaks and loan support the federal government provided
D) gentrification

Question 34

According to David Harvey,cities as well as suburbs can be understood as __________ humans established to serve their needs.

A) created environments
B) evolutionary spaces
C) urban ecology
D) collective communization sites

Question 35

Rural areas account for around 72 percent of America's landmass,but only __________ of its population.

A) 2 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 15 percent
D) 25 percent

Question 36

Urban growth in less developed countries is high because of higher birth rates in these countries as well as:

A) high crime in rural areas
B) high rates of internal migration
C) high rates of migration from other countries
D) government mandates to move people to the city

Question 37

Data from the 2000 census reveal that both urban and suburban neighborhoods are highly:

A) populated by whites and blacks,whereas Latinos live in rural areas
B) racially integrated
C) segregated by race
D) populated by nonwhites,whereas rural areas are mostly white

Question 38

Given that trends remain the way they are,by the year 2050,towns and cities of the developing world will account for __________ of the worldwide population.

A) about 70 percent
B) a little less than 60 percent
C) a little more than 40 percent
D) a little more than 20 percent

Question 39

Jonah grew up in a neighborhood with poor schools,few businesses,and many run-down and abandoned buildings.However,in the past few years,the city has renovated many buildings,and tax breaks are encouraging new business to move into the city.This process is called:

A) conurbation
B) urban renewal or gentrification
C) suburbanization
D) urbanization

Question 40

Most of the people leaving rural areas represent:

A) the younger population
B) the older population
C) the white population
D) the nonwhite population

Question 41

Fertility rates are often much lower than fecundity rates because:

A) social and cultural practices limit the number of children women have
B) modern fertility technology is not as advanced as it should be
C) women are more likely to be sterile today because of environmental pollution
D) none of the above

Question 42

The number of deaths per thousand of population per year is known as crude death rate or:

A) the rate of population decline
B) mortality rate
C) anti-fertility
D) anti-fecundity

Question 43

Demography is:

A) the study of population
B) the study of ecology
C) the study of politics
D) rule by the people

Question 44

Places such as New York and Tokyo are called __________ because they are the organizing centers of the new global economy.

A) conurbations
B) global cities
C) megalomania
D) urban ghettos

Question 45

The average number of live-born children that the average woman has is known as:

A) the crude birth rate
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) the crude fertility rate

Question 46

One of the key factors responsible for the global population explosion has been:

A) the decline in the infant mortality rate
B) an increase in the fertility rate
C) an increase in fecundity
D) decreased use of birth control

Question 47

The number of deaths per thousand of population per year is known as:

A) the rate of population decline
B) the death rate
C) anti-fertility
D) the crude death rate

Question 48

According to your textbook,which of the following is NOT one of the most acute problems global cities around the world face?

A) hunger
B) lack of affluent inhabitants
C) lack of adequate housing
D) unsafe water supplies

Question 49

The number of children women are biologically able to produce is known as:

A) the crude birth rate
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) the crude fertility rate

Question 50

The __________ is the number of live births per year per thousand of the population.

A) crude death rate
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) crude birth rate

Question 51

The number of babies per thousand of population who die in any year before reaching one year of age is called the:

A) infant mortality rate
B) fertility-death ratio
C) fecundity
D) crude death rate

Question 52

In Mexico City,nearly 95 percent of the land has buildings on it,making it:

A) one of the most polluted cities in the world
B) one of the strongest economic centers
C) one of the most sustainable cities in the world
D) one of the cheapest places to live in the world

Question 53

The number of years an average person can expect to live is called:

A) crude longevity
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) life expectancy

Question 54

The increase in life expectancy has been most significantly influenced by:

A) crude longevity
B) declining fertility rates
C) increased fecundity
D) declining infant death rates

Question 55

What is it meant by a geography of centrality and marginality in global cities?

A) Enormous affluence and acute poverty reside side by side with minimal interaction.
B) Central business districts reside in global cities.
C) There are central zones and zones that are deemed marginal.
D) Some global cities are central to the global economy,and others are marginal.

Question 56

Although most countries today have crude death rates similar to that of the United States,countries such as Sierra Leone have very a high crude death rate-22 per 1000-due to factors such as:

A) HIV/AIDS
B) warfare
C) high infant mortality rate
D) all of the above

Question 57

Demographers study population patterns.If a demographer were going to study the population changes in a country such as China,which of the following would he or she examine?

A) births
B) deaths
C) migration
D) all the above

Question 58

Mike Davis noted what he calls a "conscious hardening of the city surface against the poor" in his study of Los Angeles.Examples of this process are:

A) freeways
B) large public parks
C) benches at bus stops that are short so people cannot sleep on them
D) homeless shelters

Question 59

Which of the following countries has a higher crude birth rate than the United States?

A) Russia
B) India
C) Germany
D) Italy

Question 60

In October of 2011,the world population reached:

A) 7 billion
B) 2 billion
C) 9 million
D) 4 billion

Question 61

As of 2011,the United States had refused to ratify the Kyoto Treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,even though the United States is the second-largest contributor of greenhouse gases.Which county contributes the most?

A) Russia
B) Italy
C) Japan
D) China

Question 62

Using China as an example,explain some of the issues that countries face today regarding population growth,economic growth,and environmental issues.How are these issues intertwined?

Question 63

Population growth rates are:

A) usually negative
B) exponential
C) linear
D) all of the above

Question 64

The maximum number of years that an individual could possibly live is called:

A) crude death rate
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) life span

Question 65

According to demographic transition theory,in which stage do birth rates and death rates remain high?

A) Stage 1 (preindustrial,traditional)
B) Stage 2 (partial industrialization)
C) Stage 3 (full industrialization)
D) Stage 4 (postindustrial)

Question 66

Describe the process of suburbanization as it has occurred in the United States,and explain the role of the U.S.government in shaping the process and the outcomes of suburbanization.

Question 67

The concern with preserving the physical environment in the face of modern industry and technology is called:

A) environmental ecology
B) ecology
C) social environment
D) technological environmentalism

Question 68

Why is rural America on the decline? Explain at least two problems facing rural America today.

Question 69

Countries whose populations have access to good healthcare and adequate nutrition generally have populations with:

A) longer life expectancies
B) higher rates of fertility
C) higher rates of fecundity
D) higher rates of mortality

Question 70

Discuss urban ecology and urbanism-the two approaches to understanding urban life that the Chicago School developed.How have contributions by new researchers,such as Jane Jacobs,David Harvey,and Manuel Castells,added to or replaced these earlier ideas?

Question 71

According to the Web site Global Footprint,if everyone on the planet were to consume at the same level as the average American,how many planets would be needed?

A) 2
B) 7
C) 20
D) 3

Question 72

According to the textbook,which of the following is NOT a major problem with the Kyoto Treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

A) Although many newly industrialized countries,such as China,India,and Russia,have now ratified the treaty,the terms of the agreement largely exempt them from making emissions reductions.
B) The treaty was poorly written and has too many loopholes.
C) The Kyoto Treaty,which must be ratified by the legislative bodies of all the signatory countries,faces stiff political opposition.
D) Many environmentalists warn that the reduction in greenhouse gases agreed to at Kyoto is only enough to slow global warming,not to reverse it.

Question 73

Populations do not grow arithmetically,but geometrically.This is referred to as:

A) crude birth rate
B) fertility
C) fecundity
D) exponential growth

Question 74

Compare and contrast the ways in which industrialization and globalization have affected the process of urbanization in societies.

Question 75

Malthusianism is the belief that population growth tends to outstrip expansion of food production and that population growth can only be controlled by:

A) natural curbs on population,such as famine and war
B) birth control
C) prostitution
D) government policies

Question 76

The formula used to calculate the time it takes a population to double is 70 divided by:

A) crude birth rate
B) current rate of growth
C) fertility
D) crude death rate

Question 77

Reducing population growth around the world faces which of the following challenges?

A) Few people still see a large family as desirable.
B) Some religions still forbid the use of contraception.
C) Contraception is widely available around the world.
D) Some populations are genetically predisposed to higher birth rates.

Question 78

Natasha worked for an organization that worked with companies to design projects that would generate profit but also have minimal impact on the environment,focus on recycling physical resources,and keep pollution to a minimum.Her company focused on:

A) communization
B) sustainable development
C) modernization
D) postmodernization

Question 79

Developed countries that have already undergone the demographic transition are going to experience a growth in the number of older people relative to younger people.This is called the:

A) generation ratio
B) dependent-worker ratio
C) birth-death ratio
D) dependency ratio

Question 80

Thomas Malthus was one of the original writers to show concern for population growth.Demographers,economists,politicians,sociologists,and others have continued to debate his ideas for more than 200 years,but many do not share his concern for the natural limits to population growth.Which of the following challenged Malthus's predictions?

A) increases in food production due to new technologies,such as machinery and genetics
B) increases in the rate of population growth in developed countries
C) worries about population growth in countries such as the United States
D) using up all the earth's natural resources