Deck 3: Socialization

Question 1

Mead's theory of personal development is based on the image that we present to those around us,the reactions of these people,and way that we interpret these reactions.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The standards of our peer groups tend to dominate our lives.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The advent of Lara Croft and other women of action has clearly divided children with an interest in action films into two camps-one supporting male characters and the other the supporting emerging female characters.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Sociologists have clearly demonstrated that most emotions are universal and are "products of our genes."

Question 5

Cooley's conclusions about the looking-glass self appear to be true for people around the world.

Question 6

Sociologists usually embrace Freudian theory on personality development because of its universal acceptance among the social sciences.

Question 7

As a child's experiences with agents of socialization broadens,the influence of the family increases.

Question 8

Social class,gender,race,and ethnicity are aspects of one's life that fall into the category of social location.

Question 9

Without language there can be no culture,no shared way of life.

Question 10

Freud assumed that what was male was "normal" and that females were "inferior,castrated males."

Question 11

The research of the Harlows demonstrated that the key to mother-child bonding is the ability of the mother to provide food and other nutrition to the offspring.

Question 12

Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children,what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted?

A)biological makeup
B)basic intelligence
C)intimate early social interaction
D)strict discipline

Question 13

Parents are the first significant others to show children the gender map.

Question 14

In Piaget's model for children's development of reasoning skills,the term "reasoning skills" is synonymous with the term "operational" as it is used in the theory.

Question 15

Because of the power of peers and social institutions,we are all prisoners of socialization.

Question 16

Mead emphasized that in order to learn to take the role of the "other," a child must pass through three stages - imitation,play,and team game.

Question 17

The research of sociologist Melvin Kohn and others demonstrates that the differences in the supervision of children are a matter of the race and ethnicity of the parents more than any other factor.

Question 18

Gender serves as the primary basis for social inequality.

Question 19

In Mead's theory of development,the "me" is the "object of action" or the "self as object."

Question 20

Feral children are often raised by animals.

Question 21

According to Piaget,when children are capable of abstract thinking,they have reached the level of development called the ________.

A)sensorimotor stage
B)formal operational stage
C)preoperational stage
D)concrete operational stage

Question 22

Bob's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bob's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Bob's ________.

A)generalized others
B)significant others
C)primary group members
D)reference group members

Question 23

Morris is 3 years old and just beginning to talk. He can count to 10 but is not altogether sure what numbers actually mean. According to Piaget,Morris is in the ________ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)concrete operational
C)preoperational
D)formal operational

Question 24

The symbolic interactionist who stressed that play was crucial to the development of the concept of self was ________.

A)Charles Horton Cooley
B)Lester Ward
C)George Herbert Mead
D)Talcott Parsons

Question 25

George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of the other entails three stages-the ________,_______,and _______ stages.

A)primary; secondary; tertiary
B)id; ego; superego
C)sensorimotor; preoperational; operational
D)imitation; play; team games

Question 26

Our image of how others see us is called the ________.

A)id
B)super ego
C)libido
D)self

Question 27

The process by which we develop a sense of self,referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by ________.

A)George Herbert Mead
B)William I. Thomas
C)Charles Horton Cooley
D)Robert K. Merton

Question 28

Mead describes the active,creative,and spontaneous part of the self as the ________.

A)I
B)me
C)id
D)ego

Question 29

According to Mead's theory of development,individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another person,such as parents or siblings,are referred to as ________.

A)significant others
B)the person's reference group
C)the person's in-group
D)generalized others

Question 30

What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"?

A)stratification
B)psychoanalysis
C)cultural tradition
D)socialization

Question 31

Professor Zale bases her self-concept as a professor on the interactions she has with students,and the reactions she receives from them during class. In view of this,which process is Professor Zale utilizing?

A)Freud's psychoanalytic theory
B)Cooley's looking-glass self
C)Mead's "I" and "me" concept
D)Piaget's theory of moral reasoning

Question 32

Of the following traits and abilities,which one would George Herbert Mead consider MOST essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society?

A)the ability to take the role of another
B)an average or above-average IQ
C)a well-developed id
D)the influence of positive peers

Question 33

What discovery did Skeels and Dye make when they administered intelligence tests to a sample of orphans cared for by trained professionals in a "good" orphanage and to a second sample of orphans raised by residents of an institution for mentally retarded women?

A)The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 25 points lower than those raised by trained professionals.
B)The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 28 points higher than those raised by trained professionals.
C)There was no difference in the scores of the orphans raised by the mentally impaired compared to those raised by trained professionals.
D)The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 47 points lower than those raised by trained professionals.

Question 34

What term would Mead use to refer to the norms,values,attitudes,and expectations of the public?

A)primary group
B)generalized others
C)secondary group
D)significant others

Question 35

What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course?

A)The self-concept begins prior to conception and concludes at birth.
B)The self-concept begins at birth and concludes by age 5 or 6.
C)The self-concept begins in childhood and continues as an ongoing,lifelong process.
D)The self-concept begins when a child is able to reason and concludes at about age 18.

Question 36

What did the Harlow experiment conclude as being the key to infant-mother bonding?

A)peer socialization
B)feeding and grooming
C)intimate social contact
D)intellectual development

Question 37

According to Piaget,the stage of development that is dominated by touching,listening,looking,and the inability to recognize cause and effect is the ________ stage.

A)formal operational
B)preoperational
C)sensorimotor
D)concrete operational

Question 38

Tory is 5 years old. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from the Penguin. According to Mead's theory,he is in the ________ stage.

A)imitation
B)game
C)play
D)generalized

Question 39

The research in the early 1960s using rhesus monkeys to demonstrate the importance of intimate physical contact in the rearing of animals was conducted by ________.

A)Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
B)William and Helen Thomas
C)Harry and Margaret Harlow
D)William and Virginia Masters

Question 40

Jean Piaget's use of the term "operational" is most aligned with the concept of ________.

A)motor skills
B)reasoning skills
C)language skills
D)social skills

Question 41

Individuals who are approximately the same age and are linked by common interests,including friends,classmates,and the "kids in the neighborhood," are MOST appropriately referred to as ________.

A)significant others
B)generalized others
C)peers
D)confederates

Question 42

According to Sigmund Freud,when the id gets out of hand,individuals follow their desires for pleasure and ________.

A)demand self-gratification
B)seek intimacy
C)break society's norms
D)need for isolation

Question 43

People and groups that influence our orientation to life-our self-concept,emotions,attitudes,and behaviors-are called ________.

A)total institutions
B)generalized others
C)agents of socialization
D)out-groups

Question 44

A young woman is contemplating a particular behavior,in this case dropping out of college. She is also considering an awareness of the self in relationship to others to avoid feelings of shame and embarrassment. This is referred to as her ________.

A)socialized self as subject
B)self-actualized stage
C)social mirror
D)reality principle

Question 45

___________ for expressing emotion are based on culture,social class,relationships,and settings.

A)Rules of psychoanalysis
B)Culture rules
C)Feeling rules
D)Rules of socialization

Question 46

Universal facial expressions to express basic emotions fall under the category of ___________.

A)psychoanalysis
B)superego
C)socialization
D)biology

Question 47

What was the result of research on mother-child bonding based on hours per week children spent in day care?

A)As the number of hours in day care increased,the bond was stronger between mother and child.
B)As the number of hours in day care increased,the bond was weaker between mother and child.
C)The mother-child bond was based on the social class of the mother and not the hours the child spent in day care.
D)There was no relationship between mother-child bond and the hours a child spent in day care.

Question 48

In psychoanalytic theory,the "culture within us" is represented by the ________.

A)superego
B)id
C)ego
D)libido

Question 49

The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two children,Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by parents.

A)resocialization
B)role diffusion
C)ego identity
D)gender socialization

Question 50

What is the proposed source of the six specific emotions that Paul Ekman identified as being present in all cultures?

A)They are based on the social environment.
B)They are a product of our genes.
C)They are based on common cultural values held worldwide.
D)They are based on intellectual capability.

Question 51

How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?

A)It encourages a sexless society.
B)It encourages women to assume male roles to be successful.
C)It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.
D)It encourages cross-gender behavior.

Question 52

The average person is exposed to __________ commercials a year.

A)20,000
B)30,000
C)40,000
D)50,000

Question 53

In Freud's theory,what part of the personality represents the pleasure-seeking aspect,demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention,food,safety,and sex?

A)the id
B)the ego
C)the superego
D)the libido

Question 54

The technique created by Sigmund Freud for the treatment of emotional problems through long-term,intensive exploration of the subconscious mind is referred to as ________.

A)transactional analysis
B)rational emotive therapy
C)psychoanalysis
D)reality therapy

Question 55

Frank is the son of a middle-class family. He took the family car without permission last night,returning home at 3 AM with the smell of alcohol on his breath. It is most likely,based on the research of Kohn,that the next day Frank's parents will ________.

A)call the police and have their son arrested to impress upon him the error of his ways
B)buy him his own car and hold him to a higher standard of responsibility
C)physically punish their son using a culturally approved method
D)suspend Frank's driving privileges for a month and discuss with Frank the dangers of drinking and driving

Question 56

Based on the research of Kohn and his associates,how would working-class parents encourage their children to accept guidance when they have deviated from acting properly?

A)They would probably use physical punishment.
B)They would rely on reasoning with the child.
C)They would probably deny privileges and "ground" the child.
D)They would offer verbal encouragement.

Question 57

Video games have begun to portray women in changing gender roles,such as Lara Croft,the adventure-seeking archaeologist,and Xena,Warrior Princess. This change in roles may also serve as ________.

A)an example of pornography
B)a way to confuse children about their sexuality
C)a way to motivate young women to play video games
D)the creation of a new stereotype of women as symbolic males

Question 58

What conclusion did psychologists Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis make after observing the interactions of mothers and their children?

A)Mothers socialized their sons to be passive and dependent.
B)Mothers tended to treat their children the same,regardless of sex.
C)Mothers unconsciously rewarded their daughters for being dependent.
D)Mothers felt their sons needed greater supervision when they played.

Question 59

Like our mind,our emotions depend on ______.

A)socialization
B)psychoanalysis
C)language
D)ego

Question 60

Why do many sociologists object to psychoanalysis as a valid explanation for human behavior?

A)Sociologists reject the notion that personality develops in stages.
B)Sociologists disagree on the influence of the super ego as a balancing force of behavior.
C)Sociologists argue that Freud failed to study a wide range of subjects before developing his theory.
D)Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.

Question 61

What is the difference between feral children and "regular" children?

Question 62

What were the six "global emotions" identified by anthropologist Paul Ekman?

Question 63

In Mead's theory of development,what is the difference between the "I" and the "me"?

Question 64

When young people enter college as resident students,they must learn new norms,values,attitudes,and behaviors. This is an example of ________.

A)resocialization
B)socialization
C)the "looking-glass self"
D)anticipatory socialization

Question 65

Why are feminist sociologists often critical of Freud?

Question 66

What was the physical makeup of the two "mother" monkeys the Harlows developed for their experiment?

Question 67

Fred has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation,he has been forced to cook for the fraternity brothers,clean the frat house,and address the fraternity members as "sir." This is an example of what Harold Garfinkel termed ________.

A)learning conformity
B)a personal identity kit
C)anticipatory socialization
D)a degradation ceremony

Question 68

What are the three elements of Freud's theory on the development of personality?

Question 69

Frank is doing an internship in a hospital to prepare for a career as a nurse. He is participating in ________.

A)required resocialization
B)anticipatory socialization
C)manifest socialization
D)latent resocialization

Question 70

What are the three elements of Cooley's looking-glass self concept?

Question 71

What term applies to the stages that people pass through from birth to death,beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years"?

A)rites of passage
B)life theme
C)the life course
D)stages of development

Question 72

The period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood is called ________.

A)transitional adulthood
B)puberty
C)adolescence
D)the middle years

Question 73

Jessica is a student at one of the elementary schools in Colorado observed by Patricia and Peter Adler. What is the likely relationship between her grades and her social standing?

A)Poor grades increase her standing among her peers.
B)Good grades increase her standing among her peers.
C)Grades have no effect on her standing among her peers.
D)Good grades decrease her standing among her peers.

Question 74

What is the difference between significant others and generalized other?

Question 75

What are the three stages of George Herbert Mead's theory of development?

Question 76

Why is entering into school significant from a sociological perspective?

A)It signals parental distress,from a biological perspective.
B)It reveals a pattern variable that influences emotional reactions.
C)It marks the transfer of allegiance from family to peer groups.
D)It is a manifest function used to determine sociability.

Question 77

John joined the military this year. When he arrived at boot camp he was immediately greeted with a degradation ceremony and came under total control of the officials. The military is an example of a(n)________.

A)social institution
B)agent of socialization
C)social location
D)total institution

Question 78

What is another name for "the society within us"?

Question 79

Another term used for the stage of development called transitional adulthood,which is between the ages of 18 and 29,is ________.

A)the middle years
B)adultolescence
C)the sandwich generation
D)midlife crisis

Question 80

In the "nature versus nurture" argument,what is another term for "nurture"?