Question 1

In the original Wason selection task (Wason, 1966) the correct answer is to turn over which cards?&#10;A) p and q&#10;B) p and not q&#10;C) not p and q&#10;D) not p and not q

Accepted Answer

The task involves testing the participant's ability to use deductive reasoning to test a conditional statement. The rule is "if there is a vowel on one side, there is an even number on the other." Therefore, a participant should turn over the card with a consonant on one side (i.e., not p) and the card with an odd number on the other side (i.e., not q). Choice B ("p and not q") fits this criterion and is therefore the correct answer.

Question 2

A logical task which describes obligations and duties is known as&#10;A) A deontic task&#10;B) An indicative task&#10;C) A selection task&#10;D) A propositional task

Accepted Answer

A deontic task deals with obligations and duties, while indicative tasks describe facts, selection tasks involve making choices, and propositional tasks deal with logical propositions.

Question 3

In Cosmides (1990) research, it was found are good at detecting&#10;A) Altruists but not cheaters&#10;B) Altruists and cheaters&#10;C) Neither altruists nor cheaters&#10;D) Cheaters but not altruists

Accepted Answer

In Cosmides' (1990) research, it was found that human beings are particularly adept at detecting cheaters, but not necessarily altruists. Therefore, the best choice is D, which states that humans can detect cheaters but not necessarily altruists.

Question 4

False memory syndrome is an example of which of Schacter's 'sins of memory?&#10;A) Bias&#10;B) Blocking&#10;C) Misattribution&#10;D) Persistence

Accepted Answer

False memory syndrome is an example of misattribution, which is the act of attributing a memory to the wrong source, context, or time period. False memories can arise due to suggestion, bias, or misinformation, leading to inaccurate recollections.

Question 5

According to Klein et al. (2002) memory has evolved to:&#10;A) detect cheats&#10;B) prime behaviour&#10;C) support decision making&#10;D) recognise altruists

Accepted Answer

Klein et al. (2002) suggest that memory has evolved primarily to support decision making, allowing individuals to use past experiences to inform future choices.

Question 6

Research by Nairne and Pandeirada (2008) suggests that recall is better if materials are&#10;A) Consistent with conditions in the EEA&#10;B) Consistent with an individual's own experience&#10;C) Presented orally&#10;D) Presented in written form

Accepted Answer

Nairne and Pandeirada's research suggests that recall is enhanced when materials are consistent with conditions in the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA), as this aligns with evolutionary perspectives on memory.

Question 7

According to Marr a complex organism or artefact can be describes at which of the following three levels:&#10;A) representation and algorithm; hardware implementation; neural substrate&#10;B) computational theory; representation and algorithm; hardware implementation&#10;C) computational theory; neural substrate; hardware substrate&#10;D) neural substrate; hardware implementation; representation and algorithm

Accepted Answer

Marr proposed that complex organisms or artefacts can be described at three levels: the computational level (what the system does), the algorithmic/representational level (how it does it), and the hardware implementation level (the physical realization of the system). These three levels can be summarized as computational theory, representation and algorithm, and hardware implementation, which are all included in option B. Option A is incorrect because it switches the order of the second and third levels listed by Marr. Option C is incorrect because it omits the algorithmic/representational level. Option D is incorrect because it lists the levels in a different order compared to Marr's original proposal.

Question 8

According to Tulving (1972) we can divide memory into 2 systems:&#10;A) procedural and declarative&#10;B) episodic and semantic&#10;C) short and long term&#10;D) autobiographical and semantic

Accepted Answer

Tulving proposed the division of memory into two systems known as episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory is about memory for events that occurred in a specific time and place, while semantic memory is about memory for facts and general knowledge about the world. Procedural memory, on the other hand, is about memory for motor skills and how to perform various tasks, while declarative memory is about memory for facts and information that can be consciously recalled. Short and long term memory refer to the duration of memory storage and autobiographical memory is a type of episodic memory that involves personal life events.

Question 9

According to Cosmides, Barrett and Tooby (2010) which of the following is NOT required in order for participants to detect cheaters?&#10;A) The cheater benefited from cheating&#10;B) The cheater intended to cheat&#10;C) The participant suffered as a result of the cheating&#10;D) Cheating is possible

Accepted Answer

Cosmides, Barrett and Tooby (2010) state that in order for participants to detect cheaters, the cheater must have benefited from cheating, intended to cheat, and cheating must be possible. Suffering on the part of the participant is not a requirement for detecting cheaters.

Question 10

Three of Schacter's (2001) seven sins of memory are:&#10;A) bias, persistence, misfiring&#10;B) bias, blocking, TFT&#10;C) bias, suggestibility, guess-work&#10;D) bias, persistence, absent-mindedness

Accepted Answer

Schacter's (2001) seven sins of memory are: transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence. Out of these, three sins mentioned in the given options are bias, persistence, and absent-mindedness. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 11

One assumption of cognitive science is:&#10;A) substrate neutrality&#10;B) the EEA&#10;C) substrate specificity&#10;D) hardware specificity

Accepted Answer

The answer of One assumption of cognitive science is:&#10;A) substrate...

Question 12

Materialism is the philosophical belief that&#10;A) All mental processes are ultimately reducible to brain activity&#10;B) Mental processes obey different rules to those of the brain&#10;C) Humans are ultimately driven by a desire to acquire resources&#10;D) The mind and the brain are separate entities

Accepted Answer

The answer of Materialism is the philosophical belief that&#10;A) All...

Question 13

In Libet's experiments it was found that participants' decision to move their finger happened _______ milliseconds _______ they were consciously aware of it&#10;A) 350, after&#10;B) 20, before&#10;C) 350, before&#10;D) 20, after

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Libet's experiments it was found that...

Question 14

In the original version of the Harvard Medical School problem, approximately how many participants got the answer correct?&#10;A) 2%&#10;B) 18%&#10;C) 30%&#10;D) 40%

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the original version of the Harvard...

Question 15

Approximately what percentage of the body's energy does the human brain use?&#10;A) 5%&#10;B) 10%&#10;C) 20%&#10;D) 40%

Accepted Answer

The answer of Approximately what percentage of the body's energy...

Question 16

According to research by Lee, Jussim and McCauley (1995) sexual and racial stereotypes...&#10;A) Are inaccurate&#10;B) Show a degree of accuracy&#10;C) Are extremely accurate&#10;D) Are undesirable and should be condemned

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to research by Lee, Jussim and...

Question 17

According to Tooby and Cosmides (1996) performance on the Harvard Medical School problem is poor because&#10;A) The mind did not evolve to deal with frequencies&#10;B) The mind did not evolve to deal with multiple contingencies&#10;C) The mind did not evolve to deal with medical problems&#10;D) The mind did not evolve to deal with single-case probabilities

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Tooby and Cosmides (1996) performance...

Question 18

A pioneer of memory research who used naturalistic experiments was:&#10;A) Ebbinghaus&#10;B) Dennett&#10;C) Marr&#10;D) Bartlett

Accepted Answer

The answer of A pioneer of memory research who used...

Question 19

According to Tversky and Kahneman (1982) the 'bank teller' problem is frequently solved using which heuristic?&#10;A) Availability&#10;B) Probability&#10;C) Stereotype&#10;D) Representativeness

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Tversky and Kahneman (1982) the...

Question 20

The rarity assumption specifies that p is usually more informative than not p because&#10;A) p is usually more common than not p&#10;B) p is usually presented before not p&#10;C) p is usually presented after not p&#10;D) p is usually less common than not p

Accepted Answer

The answer of The rarity assumption specifies that p is...

Deck 9: Evolution, Thought and Cognition