Deck 13: The One-Way Analysis of Variance

Question 1

An experimenter studies the effect of type of music during practice on recall of word lists using rock background music for 20 subjects,classical music for 22 others,and country/western for another 25.How many levels are there in the experiment?

A)3
B)67
C)20
D)1

Answer 1

3

Question 2

For Joan's doctoral dissertation experiment,15 wheelchair users were randomly assigned to three groups with 5 in each group.These participants navigated in virtual-reality settings.Group 1 participants were in the virtual-reality setting (a building)as wheelchair users.Group 2 participants were in the virtual-reality setting in a wheelchair pushed by a walking person.Group 3 participants walked without aid in the virtual-reality setting.Joan measured the time each participant needed to complete the navigation of the virtual-reality setting.What are the dependent and independent variables?

A)Independent = wheelchair use;dependent = virtual-reality condition
B)Independent = wheelchair use;dependent = time needed
C)Independent = time needed;dependent = virtual-reality condition
D)Independent = virtual-reality condition;dependent = time needed

Answer 2

Independent = virtual-reality condition;dependent = time needed

Question 3

When is significant,

A)somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly,but we do not know which specific means differ significantly.
B)somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly,and we know which specific means differ significantly.
C)there may be significant differences between the level means.
D)there are no significant differences between any of the level means.

Answer 3

somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly,but we do not know which specific means differ significantly.

Question 4

Differences in scores produced by the independent variable corresponds with which of the following ANOVA terms?

A)Treatment effect
B)Factor
C)Mean square
D)Level

Question 5

Analysis of variance is the most common inferential statistical procedure used to analyze experiments because

A)it is the only statistical procedure that can test either between-subjects factors or within-subjects factors.
B)there are several different versions of it,and so it can test for possible treatment effects more accurately than the two-sample tests.
C)most researchers are more interested in whether there are differences in the variance among the conditions than in whether there are differences in the means.
D)there are several different versions of it,and so it can be used with many different experimental designs.

Question 6

When is not significant,

A)somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly,but we do not know which specific means differ significantly.
B)somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly,and we know which specific means differ significantly.
C)there may be significant differences between the level means.
D)there are no significant differences between any of the level means.

Question 7

An educational psychologist is interested in determining whether attitudes toward school change with age.She randomly selects 30 seventh-graders,30 ninth-graders,and 30 eleventh-graders and administers a "Do you like school?" test.In terms of ANOVA symbols,what is the value of N in the experiment?

A)3
B)90
C)30
D)1

Question 8

We perform ANOVA instead of multiple t-tests because with ANOVA the experimentwise error rate will

A)be much less than $\alpha$ .
B)be much larger than $\alpha$ .
C)change with each new significance test.
D)be equal to $\alpha$ .

Question 9

The independent variable matches which of the following ANOVA terms?

A)Treatment effect
B)Factor
C)Mean square
D)Level

Question 10

The experimentwise error rate is defined as the probability of making a Type I error

A)when comparing one pair of means in an experiment where there are more than two means.
B)when computing confidence intervals for level means.
C)anywhere among the comparisons of means.
D)when comparing the means of two or more factors in an experiment.

Question 11

Which of the following is not true of the analysis of variance?

A)It has a higher rate of Type I error than the two-sample t-tests.
B)It determines whether significant differences exist in an experiment.
C)It is used for experiments with two or more sample means.
D)It is a parametric procedure.

Question 12

In ANOVA,an independent variable that is studied using independent samples in all conditions is called a

A)within-subjects factor.
B)between-subjects factor.
C)level.
D)treatment.

Question 13

An educational psychologist is interested in determining whether attitudes toward school change with age.She randomly selects 30 seventh-graders,30 ninth-graders,and 30 eleventh-graders and administers a "Do you like school?" test.How many factors does this experiment have?

A)3
B)90
C)30
D)1

Question 14

An experimenter studies the effect of type of music during practice on recall of word lists using rock background music for 20 subjects,classical music for 22 others,and country/western for another 25.What kind of experimental design is this?

A)One-way,between-subjects
B)One-way,within-subjects
C)Two-sample,between-subjects
D)Two-sample,within-subjects

Question 15

Which of the following is an appropriate for ANOVA?

A)
B)
C)
D) not all µs are equal

Question 16

The term condition matches which of the following ANOVA terms?

A)Treatment effect
B)Factor
C)Mean square
D)Level

Question 17

In terms of hypotheses,one of the major differences between the t-test and ANOVA is that

A) is never defined with the t-test.
B) is never defined with ANOVA.
C)ANOVA never involves two-tailed hypotheses.
D)ANOVA always involves two-tailed hypotheses.

Question 18

Which of the following is one of the assumptions we make when we do a one-way,between-subjects ANOVA?

A)Each condition contains the same number of scores.
B)The populations represented have significantly different variances.
C)All conditions of the single independent variable contain independent samples.
D)The means of the populations represented are homogeneous.

Question 19

Which of the following is the desired outcome of an ANOVA?

A)Our group variances are significantly different.
B)Our group variances are approximately equal.
C)Our group means are significantly different.
D)Our means are approximately equal.

Question 20

An independent variable that is studied using related samples in all conditions is called a

A)within-subjects factor.
B)between-subjects factor.
C)level.
D)treatment.

Question 21

Suppose you perform an ANOVA on 18 subjects divided evenly into three groups according to age.Reading speed is measured and averaged for each of the three groups.The reading speed for the Young Group is 10;for the Middle Group,12;and for the Older Group,13.Your is 9.15.This is a significant .Which of the following is the correct way to report this finding?

A)The Older Group reads significantly faster than any other group.
B)The Young Group reads significantly faster than any other group.
C)There is a significant difference between the Older Group and the Middle Group.
D)There is a significant difference among the reading speeds somewhere.

Question 22

In a one-way between-subjects ANOVA,the mean square within groups ( )describes

A)the variability of individual scores in the sample.
B)an estimate of the variability of individual scores in the population.
C)differences between the means as an estimate of the differences between means found in the population.
D)the total variability in the population.

Question 23

When is true, should be

A)= 0.0.
B)= 1.0.
C) $\le$ 0.0.
D)> 1.0.

Question 24

In an experiment on the effect of caffeine on time to complete a manual task,Paolo has three treatments-0 mg,150 mg,and 300 mg of caffeine.He randomly assigns an equal number of 39 participants to his 3 conditions.If he calculates , and ,what is his ?

A)5.90
B)27.95
C)30.90
D)2.95

Question 25

Treatment variance is equal to

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) .

Question 26

Sum of squares is defined as the sum of

A)every number squared.
B)every mean squared.
C)the squared deviations between the mean and each score.
D)the squared deviations between the mean and each score,divided by the degrees of freedom.

Question 27

In a one-way between-subjects ANOVA,the mean squares between groups ( )describes

A)the variability of individual scores in the sample.
B)an estimate of the variability of individual scores in the population.
C)differences between the means as an estimate of the differences between means found in the population.
D)the total variability in the population.

Question 28

In computing an ANOVA,which of the following is not one of the calculations?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 29

Previously,we've referred to the result of dividing a sum of squares by degrees of freedom as variance.In an ANOVA,this is referred to as which of the following terms?

A)Treatment effect
B)Factor
C)Mean square
D)Sum of squared deviations

Question 30

Treatment variance is defined as

A)the differences of scores from the mean of their condition.
B)the differences between the populations produced by a factor.
C)the inherent variability in the scores,to a certain extent.
D)sampling error.

Question 31

When is true, should be

A)= 0.0.
B)= 1.0.
C)> 1.0.
D) $\le$ 0.0.

Question 32

cannot ever be negative because

A)only absolute differences are used in its computation.
B)a ratio can never be negative.
C)the mean squares are variances,which cannot be negative numbers.
D)the larger variance estimate is always placed in the numerator.

Question 33

Corey is researching the effect of memory-enhancing,memory-impairing,and memory- neutral drugs on the ability of rats to run a maze.He has a total of 45 rats available for his study.He randomly assigns an equal number of rats to each treatment condition.If he calculates his and what is his ?

A)59.11
B)1.33
C)80.00
D)24.44

Question 34

In an analysis of variance,we assume that the variability of scores within a condition ( )remains the same

A)regardless of whether there is inherent inconsistency in any particular condition.
B)only when is false.
C)only when is true.
D)regardless of whether is true or false.

Question 35

When is false, will be _____ .

A)less than
B)greater than
C)equal to
D)different from

Question 36

Post hoc comparisons are used in one-way ANOVA to compare all the possible

A)variances to each other.
B)pairs of means from a factor,one pair at a time,to determine which are significantly different from each other.
C)pairs of variances from a factor,one pair at a time,to determine which are significantly different from each other.
D)pairs of means from different factors to determine whether they are significantly different from each other.

Question 37

Error variance is equal to

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) .

Question 38

If and the post hoc comparisons are significant,then the experimentwise probability of a Type I error is

A)equal to $\alpha$ .
B)greater than $\alpha$ .
C)equal to $\alpha$ multiplied by the number of post hoc comparisons made.
D)equal to $\alpha$ divided by the number of post hoc comparisons made.

Question 39

When is true,all scores in the experiment come from the same population so will be ______ .

A)less than
B)greater than
C)equal to
D)different from

Question 40

Post hoc comparisons are used

A)prior to the calculation of to determine if an ANOVA is necessary.
B)after is found to be significant.
C)after is found to be nonsignificant.
D)when we plan on comparing only certain specified pairs of sample means with each other.

Question 41

If is 0.35,then

A)the proportion of variance in the population accounted for by the relationship we've discovered is = .1225 or 12.5%.
B)we are 35% more accurate at predicting subjects' scores when we use the grand mean to predict scores rather than using the mean from the condition they are in.
C)we are 35% more accurate at predicting subjects' scores when we predict the mean score from the condition they are in rather than using the grand mean.
D)we are 35% less accurate at predicting subjects' scores when we predict the mean score from the condition they are in rather than using the grand mean.

Question 42

Corey is researching the effect of memory-enhancing,memory-impairing,and memory- neutral drugs on the ability of rats to run a maze.He randomly assigns 15 rats to each treatment.If he calculates and what is his ?

A)9.44
B)5
C)37
D)12.17

Question 43

If and ,where there is an equal number of participants in each treatment,what is HSD?

A)3.79
B)7.62
C)8.40
D)4.91

Question 44

The post hoc comparison to use if the ns in all levels are not equal is

A)Tukey's HSD test.
B)Fisher's protected t-test.
C)the orthogonal t-test.
D)Turkey's LSD test.

Question 45

If and and and ,what is ?

A)45.88
B)155.04
C)196.20
D)4.86

Question 46

In an experiment on the effect of caffeine on time to complete a manual task,Paolo has three treatments-0 mg,150 mg,and 300 mg of caffeine.He randomly assigns an equal number of 39 participants to his 3 conditions.If he calculates and ,what is his ?

A)5.90
B)27.95
C)30.90
D)2.95

Question 47

Which of the following would not result in an increase in the power of ANOVA?

A)Increasing the differences between the conditions of the independent variable
B)Increasing the variability of the scores within each condition
C)Increasing the n of small samples
D)Reducing the variability of the scores within each condition

Question 48

The larger the value of ,

A)the more consistently the factor caused particular scores in a particular condition.
B)the less consistently the factor caused particular scores in a particular condition.
C)the less important the effect of the factor in explaining the differences in scores.
D)the more variable the effects of the treatment on the scores.

Question 49

A study of the effect of IQ on musical ability involved three levels of IQ-below average,average,and above average.A total of 36 participants were involved.Of the 36 participants,8 were determined to have below-average intelligence,18 were of average intelligence,and 10 were of above-average intelligence.The _____, _____,and _____.

A)33,2,35
B)2,33,35
C)2,35,33
D)35,33,2

Question 50

If what is the confidence interval?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 51

A researcher investigated whether the noise level in a room influenced productivity.For this experiment, = 3 and = 20.What is ? Use $\alpha$ = 0.05.

A)3.10
B)3.59
C)4.94
D)8.66

Question 52

The post hoc comparison to use if the ns in all levels are equal is

A)Tukey's HSD test.
B)Fisher's protected t-test.
C)the orthogonal t-test.
D)the equal ns t-test.

Question 53

Research into the social behavior of senior citizens living in different settings has resulted in the following data.Within each residential setting type,6 seniors were studied to see how many days each week they left their home.What is the ?

A)10.38
B)33.44
C)1.61
D)16.72

Question 54

The F-distribution is defined as the

A)distribution of all possible values of F regardless of whether is true or false.
B)sampling distribution showing the various values of F that occur through sampling error when is true and all conditions represent one population.
C)distance of each sample mean from the mean of the sampling distribution in estimated standard error units.
D)sampling distribution showing all values of F that occur when is false and all conditions represent different population $\mu$ s.

Question 55

Complete the following ANOVA summary table.

A)
B)
C)
D)There is insufficient information given to complete this table

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a component in calculating a confidence interval for a single ?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 57

In an experiment on the effect of caffeine on time to complete a manual task,Paolo has three treatments-0 mg,150 mg,and 300 mg of caffeine.He randomly assigns an equal number of 39 participants to his 3 conditions.If he calculates and ,what is his ?

A)5.90
B)27.95
C)30.90
D)2.95

Question 58

Using the following ANOVA summary table,compute .

A)0.29
B)0.78
C)0.22
D)1.79

Question 59

When Tukey's HSD test is used,two means are significantly different if the absolute difference between them is

A)greater than the HSD.
B)less than the HSD.
C)equal to the HSD.
D)zero.

Question 60

Jessica is conducting a research study as part of her company's risk management program.She has collected data on the number of accidents reported during the past year in each of the company's 3 work shifts.Because reports were not available for each shift every day, and .She has calculated that and .What is ?

A)0.06
B)17.45
C)1.92
D)58.65

Question 61

Statistics involving two or more dependent variables are called

A)multivariate statistics.
B)inferential statistics.
C)univariate statistics.
D)descriptive statistics.