Deck 27: The Control Systems

Question 1

Which of these lists the events of an action potential in the correct order?

A) Na+ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive→Na+ gates close→K+ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative
B) K+ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive→K+ gates close→Na+ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative
C) K+ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative→K+ gates close→Na+ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive
D) Na+ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative→Na+ gates close→K+ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive
E) Na+ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive→K+ gates close→Na+ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative

Answer 1

A
Explanation: First, Na⁺ gates open, and the influx of Na⁺ causes the inside of the axon to become positively charged. Then the Na⁺ gates close and K⁺ gates open. The outflowing of K⁺ ions enables the inside of the axon to become negative again.

Question 2

Which type of neuron is completely contained within the central nervous system?

A) sensory neuron
B) motor neuron
C) autonomic neuron
D) interneuron
E) sympathetic neuron

Answer 2

D
Explanation: An interneuron serves to convey signals between other neurons in the CNS; thus, they occur completely within the CNS.

Question 3

Dendrites

A) are usually the longest nerve fibers.
B) are covered with a myelin sheath.
C) receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons.
D) generate nerve impulses.
E) are longer and less numerous than axons.

Answer 3

C
Explanation: Dendrites are numerous, short processes protruding from the cell body of a neuron; they receive input from sensory receptors or other neurons.

Question 4

Which of these is mismatched?

A) diencephalon - thalamus
B) brain stem - medulla oblongata
C) cerebral cortex - occipital lobe
D) cerebellum - midbrain
E) frontal lobe - prefrontal area

Question 5

A nerve impulse travels down a myelinated axon by

A) repolarization.
B) saltatory conduction.
C) simple diffusion.
D) integration.
E) summation.

Question 6

If a neuron receives both excitatory and inhibitory signals, will an action potential be generated?

A) No, because any inhibitory signals will cancel out the excitatory signals.
B) Yes, but the action potential will be much smaller than if only excitatory signals were received.
C) It depends; if more excitatory than inhibitory signals are received, then an action potential may result.
D) Yes, because excitatory signals always stimulate an action potential.
E) It depends; if more inhibitory than excitatory signals are received, then the neuron will be free to produce an action potential.

Question 7

Which of these does not belong to the limbic system?

A) thalamus
B) amygdala
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus
E) cerebellum

Question 8

Long, myelinated nerve fibers are called _____ in the PNS and _____ in the CNS.

A) tracts; nuclei
B) nerves; ganglia
C) ganglia; nuclei
D) nerves; tracts
E) ganglia; tracts

Question 9

A spinal nerve contains

A) axons of sensory neurons only.
B) myelinated axons only.
C) axons of motor neurons only.
D) dendrites only.
E) both sensory and motor axons.

Question 10

Gaps in the myelin sheath are termed

A) nodes of Ranvier.
B) interaxons.
C) ganglia.
D) nuclei.
E) synapses.

Question 11

A patient's pons has been affected by a rapidly growing tumor. Of the choices listed below, which is the most likely result?

A) loss of the normal breathing rhythm
B) hearing loss
C) inability to understand speech
D) inability to regulate blood pressure
E) inability to experience emotions

Question 12

Transmission across the synaptic cleft is accomplished by chemical signals called

A) hormones.
B) exocrine secretions.
C) enzymes.
D) stimulants.
E) neurotransmitters.

Question 13

The arrow shows the direction of the nerve impulse in a neuron. Part X would represent an)

A) axon.
B) dendrite.
C) cell body.
D) myelin sheath.
E) axon terminal.

Question 14

Following a severe head injury, a patient has uncontrollable, unfocused feelings of rage. What has most likely been damaged?

A) medulla oblongata
B) limbic system
C) pineal gland
D) primary motor area
E) cerebellum

Question 15

Which of these is not part of a neuron?

A) dendrite
B) nucleus
C) cell body
D) axon
E) synapse

Question 16

You aren't normally aware of ongoing sensory stimulation, such as the touch of clothing on your skin. What part of your brain is responsible for this "filtering" of sensory input?

A) hypothalamus
B) medulla oblongata
C) cerebral cortex
D) cerebellum
E) thalamus

Question 17

Degenerating neurons surrounded by clusters of abnormal tissue, especially in the hippocampus and amygdala, accompanied by progressive memory loss is typical of

A) Alzheimer disease.
B) Parkinson disease.
C) Graves disease.
D) Addison disease.
E) Cushing syndrome.

Question 18

Which part of a neuron could be covered with a myelin sheath?

A) nucleus
B) axon
C) dendrite
D) cell body
E) terminal

Question 19

Which of these works by inhibiting dopamine reuptake into synapses?

A) cocaine
B) THC tetrahydrocannabinol)
C) heroin
D) marijuana
E) all drugs of abuse

Question 20

Someone who is good at memorizing other people's phone numbers has an excellent _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) skill
C) semantic
D) short-term
E) sensory

Question 21

Which hormone stimulates milk letdown?

A) prolactin PRL)
B) luteinizing hormone LH)
C) oxytocin
D) follicle-stimulating hormone FSH)
E) estrogen

Question 22

If an individual's pituitary gland does not produce adequate adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH), then _____ will result.

A) Cushing syndrome
B) exophthalmos
C) Graves disease
D) Addison disease
E) diabetes mellitus

Question 23

The spinal cord's gray matter is located

A) on the outside, surrounding a central core of white matter.
B) on the inside, surrounding the central canal.
C) on both the inside and the outside.
D) neither inside nor outside- the spinal cord is entirely white matter.
E) scattered among a collection of ganglia.

Question 24

If you do not obtain enough iodine in your diet, you will likely develop

A) pituitary gigantism.
B) simple goiter.
C) exophthalmos.
D) diabetes mellitus.
E) tetany.

Question 25

The _____ conveys sensory information to the central nervous system and motor commands away from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles.

A) parasympathetic division
B) autonomic nervous system
C) somatic system
D) sympathetic division
E) brain stem

Question 26

Only the glands of the endocrine system

A) use chemical signals to bring about changes in target organs.
B) work to regulate the activities of other body systems.
C) use the bloodstream to convey signals throughout the body.
D) help to maintain homeostasis.
E) bring about rapid responses by target organs.

Question 27

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A) is associated with "fight or flight."
B) uses the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
C) arises from parts of the spinal cord.
D) inhibits digestion.
E) opposes the effects of the sympathetic division.

Question 28

Which is not an anterior pituitary hormone?

A) thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH)
B) prolactin PRL)
C) growth hormone GH)
D) adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH)
E) antidiuretic hormone ADH)

Question 29

Consuming alcohol increases the need to urinate. This is due to the inhibitory effect of alcohol on

A) antidiuretic hormone ADH).
B) adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH).
C) parathyroid hormone PTH).
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

Question 30

The hormone _____ lowers blood glucose, while the hormone _____ raises blood glucose.

A) insulin; glucagon
B) epinephrine; norepinephrine
C) cortisol; insulin
D) thyroxine; glucagon
E) glucagon; insulin

Question 31

Which two hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A) aldosterone and cortisol
B) acetylcholine and norepinephrine
C) luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
D) antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
E) epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 32

Which of these is a second messenger?

A) cAMP
B) ATP
C) a peptide hormone
D) a steroid hormone
E) DNA

Question 33

You are relaxing, having a snack and watching TV, when suddenly the entire house begins to shake violently. The activity of your _____ quickly decreases, while that of your _____ increases.

A) somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division; parasympathetic division
D) sympathetic division; somatic nervous system
E) parasympathetic division; sympathetic division

Question 34

_____ inhibits osteoclasts, while _____ stimulates them.

A) Parathyroid hormone PTH); calcitonin
B) Growth hormone GH); calcitonin
C) Epinephrine; norepinephrine
D) Calcitonin; parathyroid hormone PTH)
E) Glucagon; growth hormone GH)

Question 35

Which of the following is part of both the nervous and endocrine systems, and is crucial to maintenance of homeostasis?

A) adrenal medulla
B) thyroid gland
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus
E) medulla oblongata

Question 36

Which hormone helps to maintain your blood glucose level between breakfast and lunch?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) parathyroid hormone PTH)
D) thyroxine
E) epinephrine

Question 37

If an individual's pancreatic islets have been destroyed, the result will be

A) Cushing syndrome.
B) Graves disease.
C) type 2 diabetes mellitus.
D) Addison disease.
E) type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Question 38

_____ hormones can pass through the plasma membrane of a target cell.

A) Second messenger
B) Steroid
C) First messenger
D) Peptide
E) DNA

Question 39

Which of these represents the flow of information in a spinal reflex arc in the correct order?

A) spinal nerve→sensory neuron→spinal cord→interneuron→effector→spinal nerve→motor neuron
B) motor neuron→spinal nerve→spinal cord→interneuron→sensory neuron→spinal nerve→effector
C) sensory neuron→spinal nerve→interneuron→motor neuron→spinal cord→spinal nerve→effector
D) sensory neuron→spinal nerve→spinal cord→interneuron→motor neuron→spinal nerve→effector
E) spinal nerve→motor neuron→spinal cord→interneuron→effector→sensory neuron→spinal nerve Spinal nerves are sometimes referred to as "mixed nerves" because they convey both sensory and motor signals.

Question 40

The hormonal secretions) of the _____ serve to increase the body's metabolic rate.

A) thyroid gland
B) adrenal medulla
C) adrenal cortex
D) posterior pituitary
E) parathyroid glands

Question 41

When the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is activated, its effects can be prolonged by secretions of the

A) adrenal cortex.
B) thyroid gland.
C) parathyroid glands.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) posterior pituitary.

Question 42

Which of these structures is the pons?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 43

Which ion needs to be pumped to the exterior of the axon in order to generate a nerve impulse?

A) Na+
B) K+
C) Ca+
D) H+
E) Cl-

Question 44

Weight gain, diabetes mellitus, and a moon-shaped face may indicate

A) Addison disease.
B) Graves disease.
C) simple goiter.
D) pituitary dwarfism.
E) Cushing syndrome.

Question 45

Which action is not part of how drugs can affect the nervous system?

A) Drugs can enhance the release of a neurotransmitter.
B) Drugs can block the release of a neurotransmitter.
C) Drugs can block the receptor for a neurotransmitter.
D) Drugs can mimic the actions of a neurotransmitter.
E) All of these actions are part of how drugs can affect the nervous system.

Question 46

A patient who has recently undergone surgery to remove tumors from his thyroid gland suddenly begins to tremble violently from head to toe because his nerves have become too excitable. Why?

A) Too much thyroid tissue was removed, and without oxytocin, blood calcium levels fell too low.
B) The parathyroid glands were removed, and without parathyroid hormone PTH), blood calcium levels rose too high.
C) The parathyroid glands were removed, and without parathyroid hormone PTH), blood calcium levels fell too low.
D) Too much thyroid tissue was removed, and without calcitonin, blood calcium levels fell too low.
E) The hypothalamus was removed, and without it releasing hormones, blood calcium levels fell too low.

Question 47

Gigantism can result from excessive secretion from the

A) posterior pituitary.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) adrenal medulla.
D) adrenal cortex.
E) pancreas.

Question 48

The exophthalmos seen in Graves disease results from hypersecretion of the

A) thyroid gland.
B) parathyroid glands.
C) posterior pituitary.
D) adrenal cortex.
E) pancreas.

Question 49

Your teenage son comes home late on Friday night and is acting strange. His behavior includes the following characteristics: high agitation, violent behavior, and irritability. These traits are far different from his normal behavior. As a parent you suspect he may have taken a drug. Which drug did he most likely take?

A) cocaine
B) methamphetamine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol
E) crack

Question 50

Contraction of the uterus during childbirth is stimulated by

A) prolactin.
B) luteinizing hormone LH).
C) oxytocin.
D) glucagon.
E) parathyroid hormone PTH).

Question 51

The arrow shows the direction of the nerve impulse in a neuron. Where is the neurotransmitter released from the neuron?

A) axon
B) dendrite
C) cell body
D) myelin sheath
E) axon terminal

Question 52

Which two anterior pituitary hormones do not target other endocrine glands?

A) prolactin PRL) and growth hormone GH)
B) oxytocin and prolactin PRL)
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH) and growth hormone GH)
D) luteinizing hormone LH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH)
E) antidiuretic hormone ADH) and oxytocin

Question 53

If you eat a jelly donut, your pancreatic islets will respond by secreting

A) growth hormone.
B) glucagon.
C) epinephrine.
D) insulin.
E) oxytocin.

Question 54

People who are under constant stress have a tendency to gain weight, especially in the midsection, even if they do not overeat. This is because the hypothalamus responds to the stress by stimulating the

A) posterior pituitary.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) thyroid.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) pancreas.