Deck 20: Plant Anatomy and Growth

Question 1

Vessel elements are to xylem as _____ are to phloem.

A) tracheids
B) sclerenchyma
C) sieve-tube members
D) companion cells
E) sieve plates

Answer 1

C
Explanation: The vessel elements of xylem tissue are hollow cells that form a continuous pipeline for water. Likewise, the sieve-tube members are the conducting cells of phloem and form a continuous sieve tube.

Question 2

Which of the following is not part of the shoot system?

A) pericycle
B) terminal bud
C) stomata
D) flower
E) lateral bud

Answer 2

A
Explanation: The pericycle is responsible for formation of branch roots.

Question 3

Stomata are derived from

A) parenchyma.
B) epidermis.
C) vascular cambium.
D) collenchyma.
E) sclerenchyma.

Answer 3

B
Explanation: The stomata are found at the surface of leaves, and consist of specialized epidermal cells that are responsible for water evaporation and allowing gases to enter the leaf for photosynthesis.

Question 4

Secondary growth occurs in plants which have an)

A) tracheid.
B) pericycle.
C) apical meristem.
D) vascular cambium.
E) cortex.

Question 5

Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between monocot and eudicot plant stems?

A) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a eudicot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a monocot stem.
B) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a eudicot stem.
C) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a eudicot stem, while xylem and phloem occur in scattered bundles in a monocot stem.
D) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot stem, while xylem and phloem occur in scattered bundles in a eudicot stem.
E) Xylem and phloem occur in scattered bundles in a monocot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a eudicot stem.

Question 6

Primary growth occurs from the

A) pericycle.
B) nodes.
C) axils.
D) terminal bud.
E) root hairs.

Question 7

Root hairs are composed of which of the following types of tissue?

A) sclerenchyma
B) parenchyma
C) collenchyma
D) vascular cambium
E) epidermal

Question 8

If you remove all of the terminal buds from a plant, what is the most likely outcome?

A) Branching would occur, but no further primary growth would occur.
B) All of the plant's leaves would die.
C) The plant would not be affected.
D) Branching would occur from the roots.
E) Additional stems would develop.

Question 9

In the correct order, indicate the structures of a leaf that water encounters as it enters and exits a leaf.

A) cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll, xylem of leaf vein
B) xylem of leaf vein, stomata, mesophyll
C) epidermis, stomata, xylem of leaf vein
D) xylem of leaf vein, mesophyll, stomata
E) xylem of leaf vein, stomata, mesophyll, phloem of leaf vein

Question 10

Water enters the leaf through structure _____, whereas carbon dioxide enters the leaf through structures located within _____.

A) 1; 5
B) 4; 5
C) 3; 5
D) 4; 3
E) 3; 1

Question 11

What advantages do root hairs give to a plant?

A) The products of photosynthesis from the leaves are stored in the root hairs.
B) Root hairs provide support for the elongating shoot system.
C) Root hairs allow the plant to regenerate after the shoot system dies back.
D) Root hairs allow lateral branching of the roots.
E) Root hairs increase the surface area available for water absorption.

Question 12

In contrast to a simple leaf, a compound leaf

A) has a blade that is divided into leaflets.
B) contains leaflets with individual lateral buds.
C) lacks a petiole.
D) occurs only near the terminal bud.
E) occurs only between internodes.

Question 13

Which of the following is not a function of stems?

A) photosynthesis
B) water storage
C) food storage
D) nitrogen fixation
E) attachment and support

Question 14

Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between monocot and eudicot plants?

A) The leaves of monocot plants have leaf veins that form a netlike pattern, while the leaves of eudicot plants have parallel leaf veins.
B ) Monocot leaves have leaf veins that form a netlike pattern, and their flower parts occur in multiples of three;
Eudicot leaves have parallel leaf veins, and their flower parts occur in multiples of four or five.
C) Monocot leaves have parallel leaf veins, and their flower parts occur in multiples of four or five; eudicot leaves
Have leaf veins that form a netlike pattern, and their flower parts occur in multiples of three.
D) Monocot flower parts occur in multiples of four or five, while eudicot flower parts occur in multiples of three.
E) Monocot leaves have parallel leaf veins, while the leaf veins of a eudicot plant form a netlike pattern.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a typical function of the root system?

A) anchorage
B) absorption of nitrates
C) absorption of water
D) absorption of carbon dioxide
E) absorption of minerals

Question 16

Photosynthesis primarily occurs in which tissues of the leaf shown here?

A) 1 and 5
B) 2 and 3
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 2 and 4
E) 3, 4, and 5

Question 17

Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between monocot and eudicot plants?

A) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a eudicot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a monocot stem.
B) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot root, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a eudicot root.
C) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a eudicot root, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a monocot root.
D) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a eudicot stem.
E) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot stem, while xylem and phloem occur in scattered bundles in a eudicot stem.

Question 18

Which of the following cell types are most likely to be involved in the long-term storage of food for a plant?

A) mesophyll
B) parenchyma
C) collenchyma
D) sclerenchyma
E) epidermis

Question 19

Cork cells are a type of _____ tissue that is produced by the _____.

A) epidermal; cork cambium
B) epidermal; vascular cambium
C) sclerenchyma; vascular cambium
D) collenchyma; cork cambium
E) sclerenchyma; cork cambium

Question 20

Which of the following structures is not a part of the epidermis of a leaf?

A) cuticle
B) spongy mesophyll
C) stoma
D) guard cells
E) leaf hairs

Question 21

Refer to the figure shown here. Which structures) of a eudicot root is/are responsible for regulating the entry of minerals into the xylem?

A) 1
B) 1 and 6
C) 6
D) 2 and 3
E) 2

Question 22

Which of the following is an incorrect match between a root structure and its function?

A) endodermis - regulates mineral entrance into vascular tissues
B) epidermis - forms root hairs for absorption
C) pericycle - contains starch granules
D) cortex - food storage
E) pith - food storage

Question 23

Removing bark from a tree means that _____ are removed.

A) phloem, cortex, cork cambium, and cork
B) vascular cambium, phloem, cork cambium, and cork
C) xylem, vascular cambium, and phloem
D) cortex, cork cambium, and cork
E) vascular cambium, cortex, cork cambium, and xylem

Question 24

Eudicot roots may experience secondary growth.

Question 25

In your garden, you observe a single pea plant that is much smaller and not growing well, despite being surrounded by other normal plants. You dig it up to discover that it has a weak, shallow root system. You suspect that the plant may be lacking

A) a micronutrient.
B) mycorrhizal fungi.
C) oxygen.
D) carbon.
E) hydrogen.

Question 26

What two properties of water are critical in moving water through xylem?

A) polarity and neutral pH
B) cohesion and adhesion
C) density as a solid and low molecular weight
D) adhesion and density as a solid
E) low molecular weight and cohesion

Question 27

Transport in xylem is typically upward, while transport in phloem can be in any direction in the plant.

Question 28

Root hairs are found within the

A) zone of maturation only.
B) zone of maturation and zone of elongation.
C) zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of maturation.
D) root cap only.
E) root cap and zone of cell division.

Question 29

Summer wood can be distinguished from spring wood because summer wood

A) contains wide vessels with thin walls, and is lighter than spring wood.
B) is impregnated with suberin, whereas spring wood is not.
C) contains thick-walled tracheids that give it strength, and is more dense than spring wood.
D) contains only thin-walled xylem, and is lighter than spring wood.
E) is produced during the summer when moisture is plentiful, and contains only heavy fibers and thick-walled tracheids.

Question 30

Herbaceous eudicot stems differ from woody stems because herbaceous eudicot stems

A) do not contain cork cambium.
B) lack an organized pith.
C) initiate branching from the cortex, rather than from the cork cambium.
D) do not contain distinct vascular bundles.
E) contain scattered vascular bundles rather than containing vascular bundles in a ring.

Question 31

Which of the following statements regarding the organization of vascular tissue in roots is true?

A) In eudicot roots, xylem and phloem bundles occur in a ring surrounding the pith.
B) In eudicot roots, phloem form a star shape in the center, with xylem occurring between arms of phloem.
C) In monocot roots, vascular bundles are found only within the zone of cell division.
D) In both monocot and eudicot roots, phloem are found outside the endodermis, and xylem within the endodermis.
E) In monocot roots, xylem and phloem bundles alternate in a ring surrounding the pith.

Question 32

In the pressure-flow model, what two phenomena starts the flow of phloem contents?

A) active transport of sugar into sieve tubes, water follows by osmosis
B) water leaving sieve tubes by osmosis, followed by active transport of sugar into sieve tubes
C) active transport of water into sieve tubes, water entering companion cells by osmosis
D) water enters companion cells by osmosis, followed by active transport of sugar into sieve tubes
E) active transport of sugar into companion cells, water follows by osmosis

Question 33

Mineral transport in plants occurs through xylem tissue.

Question 34

Mineral transport in plants occurs

A) through xylem tissue when sugars are present.
B) through both xylem and phloem tissue.
C) due to osmosis of water out of tracheids.
D) through xylem tissue as the water column is pulled upward.
E) continuously through phloem in both directions.

Question 35

Micronutrients that are needed by plants as enzyme cofactors are also needed by humans for the same reason.

Question 36

Refer to the figure shown here. Branching of roots occurs from structure _____, while root hairs develop from structure _____.

A) 1; 2
B) 6; 2
C) 3; 6
D) 2; 1
E) 3; 4

Question 37

A monocot root differs from a eudicot root because a monocot root

A) lacks an organized pith.
B) contains xylem and phloem organized in a ring around the pith.
C) does not have a pericycle.
D) lacks a functional endodermis.
E) contains a cortex that is inside of the endoderm.

Question 38

_____ and _____ are micronutrients in plants, while _____ and _____ are macronutrients.

A) Mn; Zn; N; O
B) Mn; O; Zn; C
C) Cu; K; O; H
D) Cu; K; B; Mn
E) Mn; Zn; B; N

Question 39

When water enters guard cells, turgor pressure _____ and the stomata _____.

A) increases; open
B) decreases; open
C) increases; close
D) decreases; close
E) does not change; close

Question 40

Root branching occurs from the _____, while root elongation occurs from the _____.

A) lateral meristem; root meristem
B) apical meristem; root cap
C) pericycle; apical meristem
D) apical meristem; pericycle
E) pericycle; root cap

Question 41

What is the correct order of root zones starting with the root tip and moving upward?

A) cell division - elongation - maturation
B) elongation - cell division - maturation
C) maturation - elongation - cell division
D) cell division - maturation - elongation
E) cell division - root cap - elongation

Question 42

Which layer of the woody stem is composed of spring wood and summer wood?

A) phloem
B) pith
C) cortex
D) annual ring
E) bark

Question 43

Which group of ground tissue cells will help carry out photosynthesis?

A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) sclerenchyma cells
D) xylem
E) phloem

Question 44

Cohesion and adhesion of water molecules produces a force sufficient to move water from the roots to the shoot tip of a plant.

Question 45

The bark of a tree is entirely derived from vascular cambium.

Question 46

Which plant tissue type forms a protective covering of the plant?

A) epidermal
B) vascular
C) ground
D) xylem
E) parenchyma

Question 47

Which plant tissue type transports water and nutrients throughout the plant?

A) vascular
B) epidermis
C) ground
D) dermis
E) parenchyma

Question 48

In the pressure-flow model, the movement of nutrients through phloem is initiated when water moves from sieve-tube members into companion cells by osmosis, causing sugar in surrounding cells to be transported into sieve-tube members.

Question 49

In which part of the plant will primary growth occur?

A) apical meristem
B) internode
C) xylem
D) sclerenchyma
E) parenchyma

Question 50

Which feature best describes the appearance of vascular bundles of a nonwoody monocot stem?

A) The vascular bundles are scattered.
B) The vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.
C) There are no vascular bundles in a nonwoody monocot stem.
D) The vascular bundles are arranged in parallel lines.
E) The vascular bundles are arranged in squares.

Question 51

Which type of vascular tissue will contain vessel elements in order to transport water and minerals?

A) xylem
B) phloem
C) tracheids
D) parenchyma cells
E) collenchyma cells

Question 52

Water must first pass through the endodermis of a root before it can enter xylem vessels.

Question 53

Which layer of bark is the most superficial?

A) vascular cambium
B) phloem
C) cortex
D) cork cambium
E) cork

Question 54

Which layer is the central most layer in a woody stem?

A) bark
B) pith
C) wood
D) secondary xylem
E) phloem

Question 55

A leaf is compound when it lacks a petiole and possesses a blade that is divided into leaflets.

Question 56

Plants are capable of directly absorbing nitrogen from the atmosphere.

Question 57

Which zone of the eudicot root tip is formed from the division of the apical meristem cells?

A) zone of maturation
B) zone of elongation
C) zone of cell division
D) root cap
E) epidermis

Question 58

Which type of ground tissue makes the pant cell tough and hard due to secondary walls composed of lignin?

A) sclerenchyma
B) parenchyma
C) collenchyma
D) xylem
E) cambium

Question 59

Which feature determines whether or not a nutrient is a macronutrient or a micronutrient?

A) The concentration of the nutrient in the plant tissue.
B) The concentration of the nutrient in the soil.
C) The molecular size of the nutrient.
D) The availability of the nutrient in the environment.
E) The time of the year that the nutrient becomes available to the plant.

Question 60

Which plant tissue type helps carry out the function of a particular plant organ?

A) ground
B) epidermis
C) vascular
D) xylem
E) trichomes

Question 61

What is a plant's typical response to water stress?

A) The stomata will close.
B) The plasmodesmata will close.
C) Water will enter the guard cells causing them to swell.
D) Turgor pressure will increase.
E) The plant will increase the rate of photosynthesis.

Question 62

Which nutrient tends to become depleted due to traditional farming practices?

A) nitrogen
B) sulfur
C) calcium
D) phosphate
E) hydrogen

Question 63

Which plant structure will open and close in response to turgor pressure, helping to regulate transpiration?

A) stomata
B) stoma
C) stroma
D) xylem
E) trichomes

Question 64

What is the main reason that farmers practice crop rotation?

A) Crop rotation will help replenish the soil's supply of nitrogen.
B) Crop rotation will help replenish the soil's supply of hydrogen.
C) Rotation of crops allows for an increased chance of profit.
D) Government regulations require farmers to rotate crops every year.
E) Crop rotation will help replenish the soil's supply of carbon.

Question 65

Which plant system will consist of the terminal bud, blade, petiole, and node?

A) shoot system
B) root system
C) vascular system
D) epidermal tissue
E) ground tissue

Question 66

Which root adaptation enables plants to access atmospheric nitrogen?

A) root nodules that are colonized by bacteria
B) a mutualistic relationship with fungi
C) stomata that allow the diffusion of nitrogen through the epidermis of the leaf
D) thin cell membranes that are porous enough to allow for the diffusion of nitrogen into the root system
E) bacteria that live within the leaves of the plants that absorb nitrogen and make it available for the plant