Deck 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind

Question 1

The experience of blindsight in certain people who have suffered brain damage best illustrates the importance of our normal human capacity for

A) change blindness.
B) dual processing.
C) REM rebound.
D) neuroadaptation.

Answer 1

dual processing.

Question 2

Felix was so preoccupied with his girlfriend's good looks that he failed to perceive any of her less admirable characteristics. This best illustrates the dangers of

A) neuroadaptation.
B) selective attention.
C) hypnagogic sensations.
D) blindsight.

Answer 2

selective attention.

Question 3

Consciousness is most important for the correct performance of behaviors that

A) depend on information processing.
B) require physical coordination skills.
C) have been learned through repeated practice.
D) are novel and challenging.

Answer 3

are novel and challenging.

Question 4

Selective attention is best illustrated by

A) blindsight.
B) narcolepsy.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) the cocktail party effect.

Question 5

Professor Rodriguez studies how activating specific regions of the brain affects dream content. Her work best illustrates the subfield of

A) psychoanalysis.
B) neuroadaptation.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) evolutionary psychology.

Question 6

Damage to the brain's visual perception track without any damage to the brain's visual action track is associated with a condition known as

A) narcolepsy.
B) blindsight.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) change blindness.

Question 7

Parallel processing is to sequential processing as ________ is to ________.

A) daydream; sleep dream
B) sleep dream; daydream
C) unconsciousness; consciousness
D) consciousness; unconsciousness

Question 8

Behaviorism encouraged psychologists to ignore the study of

A) addiction.
B) consciousness.
C) socialization.
D) insomnia.

Question 9

The interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with our mental processes is known as

A) behaviorism.
B) behavior genetics.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) evolutionary psychology.

Question 10

You typically fail to consciously perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. This best illustrates

A) neuroadaptation.
B) change blindness.
C) dissociation.
D) selective attention.

Question 11

Prior to the twentieth century, psychology was considered to be the study of

A) the circadian rhythm.
B) neuroadaptation.
C) consciousness.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 12

The ability to pay attention to only one voice among many is called

A) dual processing.
B) change blindness.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) the cocktail party effect.

Question 13

A person is able to accurately point to the current location of certain moving objects that she is unable to consciously see. This best illustrates

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) the pop-out phenomenon.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) blindsight.

Question 14

Unconscious information processing is more likely than conscious processing to

A) occur slowly.
B) be limited in capacity.
C) contribute to effective problem solving.
D) occur simultaneously on several tracks.

Question 15

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment is called

A) biological psychology.
B) neuroadaptation.
C) consciousness.
D) neuroscience.

Question 16

Mark's decision to hire a particular job applicant was simultaneously influenced by unconscious feelings about the applicant's physical appearance and by a conscious consideration of the applicant's reported work history. This best illustrates the impact of

A) blindsight.
B) dual processing.
C) hypnagogic sensations.
D) the pop-out phenomenon.

Question 17

A large amount of our mental activity occurs outside our awareness thanks to our capacity for

A) neuroadaptation.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) REM rebound.
D) dual processing.

Question 18

Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. As a result, he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. Jerry most clearly suffered

A) REM rebound.
B) inattentional blindness.
C) blindsight.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 19

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates

A) narcolepsy.
B) blindsight.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) selective attention.

Question 20

One study of long-haul truck drivers showed that they were at 23 times greater risk of a collision while texting. This best illustrates the impact of

A) the pop-out phenomenon.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) selective attention.
D) REM rebound.

Question 21

The pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle is called the

A) REM rebound.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) dopamine reward system.

Question 22

Which of the following typically occur(s) during REM sleep?

A) night terrors
B) genital arousal
C) bed-wetting
D) muscular tension

Question 23

The only smiling face in a crowd of anxious-looking people may be so strikingly distinct that people cannot help but notice it. This best illustrates

A) dissociation.
B) neuroadaptation.
C) REM rebound.
D) the pop-out phenomenon.

Question 24

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with slow-wave sleep?

A) bed-wetting
B) sleep spindles
C) hallucinations
D) genital arousal

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

A) Heart and breathing rates increase.
B) The eyes move rapidly under closed lids.
C) Brain waves become more rapid.
D) Voluntary muscles tense and become more active.

Question 26

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by

A) the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons.
B) fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day.
C) the different study habits of men and women.
D) the different personalities of people born during different months of the year.

Question 27

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

A) NREM-3 sleep.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) REM sleep.

Question 28

NREM-2 sleep is to ________ as NREM-3 sleep is to ________.

A) alpha waves; sleep spindles
B) sleep spindles; delta waves
C) delta waves; alpha waves
D) alpha waves; rapid eye movements

Question 29

Women become increasingly morning-oriented "larks" as they have children and also as they transition to menopause. This best illustrates that age and experience can alter our

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) REM rebound.

Question 30

Inattentional blindness is best described as a by-product of

A) blindsight.
B) REM rebound.
C) selective attention.
D) hypnagogic sensations.

Question 31

When people are experiencing vivid dreams

A) their bodies often move in accordance with what they dream.
B) their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids.
C) they are more likely to emit sleep spindles than during any other stage of sleep.
D) their slow brain-wave patterns indicate that they are deeply asleep.

Question 32

At the very onset of sleep, Melanie experienced pressure on her body followed by a feeling that she was falling. Her experience best illustrates

A) narcolepsy.
B) REM rebound.
C) night terrors.
D) hypnagogic sensations.

Question 33

NREM-1 sleep is likely to be associated with

A) blindsight.
B) delta waves.
C) sleep spindles.
D) hypnagogic sensations.

Question 34

During NREM-1 sleep, people may experience fantastic images that resemble

A) blindsight.
B) hallucinations.
C) the pop-out phenomenon.
D) the cocktail party effect.

Question 35

Human body temperatures typically

A) rise with the approach of morning and fall with the approach of night.
B) rise with the approach of night and fall with the approach of morning.
C) rise with the approach of NREM-1 sleep and fall with the approach of REM sleep.
D) rise with the approach of REM sleep and fall with the approach of NREM-1 sleep.

Question 36

Alpha waves are associated with

A) NREM-2 sleep.
B) NREM-3 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) a relaxed but awake state.

Question 37

When Jason briefly turned to summon the waiter, his wife quickly switched her glass of red wine with his glass of white wine. Jason's failure to notice that his chosen wine had been replaced best illustrates

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) neuroadaptation.
C) change blindness.
D) dissociation.

Question 38

Sleep spindles are characteristic of ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1
B) NREM-2
C) NREM-3
D) REM

Question 39

Thinking is sharpest and memory is most accurate when people are at their daily peak in

A) melatonin secretion.
B) circadian arousal.
C) REM rebound.
D) neuroadaptation.

Question 40

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

A) REM rebound.
B) menstrual cycle.
C) circadian rhythm.
D) hypnagogic state.

Question 41

Slow-wave sleep promotes

A) effective memory.
B) REM rebound.
C) narcolepsy.
D) insomnia.

Question 42

When allowed to sleep 9 hours a night on a regular basis, college students are most likely to

A) experience REM rebound.
B) study more effectively.
C) show signs of sleep apnea.
D) demonstrate apathy and loss of energy.

Question 43

Which of the following is a sleep-inducing hormone?

A) epinephrine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) melatonin

Question 44

Feli is a young adult who has been asleep for three hours. As he continues to sleep, we can expect that

A) NREM-2 sleep will diminish and that NREM-1 sleep will increase in duration.
B) NREM-3 sleep will diminish and that NREM-1 sleep will increase in duration.
C) NREM-3 sleep will diminish and that REM sleep will increase in duration.
D) REM sleep will diminish and that NREM-3 sleep will increase in duration.

Question 45

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to suppress the production of ________ by the pineal gland.

A) melatonin
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) dopamine

Question 46

After four years of working nights, Raymond is now beginning to work days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his

A) biological clock.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) alpha wave pattern.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 47

Which small area in the hypothalamus modifies our feelings of sleepiness by causing the pineal gland to increase or decrease production of melatonin?

A) pituitary
B) amygdala
C) dopamine reward system
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 48

Margie insists that she never dreams, but her roommate feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the roommate should

A) feed Margie lots of rich food just before bedtime.
B) make an all-night audiotape of the sounds Margie makes while sleeping.
C) wake Margie after she has been asleep for about 5 minutes and ask her what she's dreaming.
D) wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

Question 49

Animals with the ________ need to graze and the ________ ability to hide from danger tend to sleep less.

A) most; most
B) least; least
C) most; least
D) least; most

Question 50

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

A) sleep apnea.
B) obesity.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 51

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the stress hormone ________, which stimulates the body to make ________.

A) cortisol; fat
B) dopamine; immune cells
C) leptin; melatonin
D) serotonin; endorphins

Question 52

Pushing back school start times has been found to ________ adolescent mood states and ________ adolescent alertness.

A) impair; improve
B) improve; impair
C) impair; impair
D) improve; improve

Question 53

After completing a full night of sleep, people are most likely to

A) experience REM rebound.
B) think more creatively.
C) show signs of sleep apnea.
D) demonstrate apathy and loss of energy.

Question 54

Humans exposed to the continuous illumination of bright electrical lighting are most likely to experience a disruption of their

A) blindsight.
B) postural sway.
C) alpha waves.
D) circadian rhythm.

Question 55

Which of the following helps to restore and repair neurons following the body's production of excess free radicals?

A) selective attention
B) dissociation
C) postural sway
D) sleep

Question 56

In the United States and Canada, people today sleep ________ than people did a century ago.

A) less
B) slightly more
C) much more
D) neither more nor less

Question 57

An increase in accident rates following the change to "daylight savings" time best illustrates the dangers of

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) REM rebound.
D) sleep deprivation.

Question 58

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in

A) dissociation.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) posthypnotic suggestion.
D) physical growth.

Question 59

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1; REM
B) REM; NREM-2
C) NREM-2; REM
D) REM; NREM-3

Question 60

Kevin needs to remember what he learned in today's classes. His memory of the material is most likely to be facilitated by

A) neuroadaptation.
B) slow-wave sleep.
C) NREM-1 sleep.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 61

According to Freud, people dream in order to

A) give expression to personally threatening drives and wishes.
B) prepare themselves for the challenges of the following day.
C) strengthen their memories of the preceding day's events.
D) accomplish all of these goals.

Question 62

According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream refers to the

A) hypnagogic sensations preceding a dream.
B) rapid eye movements during a dream.
C) remembered story line of a dream.
D) underlying meaning of a dream.

Question 63

It has been found that night terrors

A) are usually recalled vividly for days following their occurrence.
B) are typically accompanied by a state of temporary muscular immobility or paralysis.
C) jolt the sleeper to a sudden state of full waking alertness.
D) typically occur during NREM-3 sleep.

Question 64

When dreamers' faces were lightly sprayed with cold water, they were more likely than other dreamers to experience

A) sleep apnea.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) dreams about water.
D) paradoxical sleep.

Question 65

To cure his insomnia, Mr. Ming takes a sleeping pill just before bedtime. Research suggests that this practice

A) may actually make Mr. Ming's insomnia worse.
B) may help Mr. Ming permanently overcome his insomnia.
C) has probably increased Mr. Ming's REM sleep.
D) may make Mr. Ming more vulnerable to sleep apnea.

Question 66

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?

A) night terrors
B) insomnia
C) sleepwalking
D) narcolepsy

Question 67

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 68

Terry has not had a decent night's sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to

A) viral infections.
B) sleep apnea.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 69

Sleep deprivation ________ levels of the hormone ghrelin and _______ levels of the hormone leptin.

A) increases; increases
B) decreases; decreases
C) increases; decreases
D) decreases; increases

Question 70

Insomnia is a disorder involving

A) the excessive use of sleeping pills or other drugs that induce sleep.
B) recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep.
C) the cessation of breathing during sleep.
D) uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.

Question 71

Eighty-year-old Mrs. West feels she has trouble falling asleep at night. She typically gets about 6 or 7 hours of sleep every 24 hours. What should she do about this?

A) take a sleeping pill every night
B) sleep with the bedroom lights on
C) drink an alcoholic beverage before bedtime
D) relax and remind herself that her sleep patterns are normal

Question 72

Sequences of images notable for their hallucinatory quality are most likely to be associated with

A) blindsight.
B) REM dreams.
C) the cocktail party effect.
D) the pop-out phenomenon.

Question 73

Which sleep disorder is more likely to be experienced by children than by adults?

A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea
C) night terrors
D) insomnia

Question 74

Sleepwalking typically occurs during

A) NREM-1 sleep.
B) NREM-2 sleep.
C) NREM-3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 75

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving

A) temporary cessations of breathing during sleep.
B) periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.
C) hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating weightlessly.
D) the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing drugs.

Question 76

Sleeptalking may occur during

A) NREM-1 sleep.
B) NREM-2 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) any stage of sleep.

Question 77

Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.

A) paradoxical
B) dissociated
C) hypnagogic
D) manifest

Question 78

After suffering a trauma, people commonly report an increase in

A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) threatening dreams.
D) sleepwalking.

Question 79

The disorder involving uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness is known as

A) narcolepsy.
B) insomnia.
C) sleep apnea.
D) paradoxical sleep.

Question 80

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from

A) night terrors.
B) narcolepsy.
C) sleep spindles.
D) sleep apnea.