Deck 2: A: Common Measurements in Exercise Physiology

Question 1

The oxygen deficit

A)refers to the elevated oxygen consumption following exercise.
B)refers to the "lag" in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise.
C)is higher in trained individuals compared to untrained.
D)None of the above answers are correct

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Performing two minutes of high intensity exercise would involve what percentage of aerobic/anaerobic production of ATP?

A)10% aerobic/90% anaerobic
B)20% aerobic/80% anaerobic
C)40% aerobic/60% anaerobic
D)70% aerobic/30% anaerobic

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Compared to NADH,each FADH molecule produces _____ATP.

A)less.
B)more.
C)the same amount of.
D)None of the above answers are correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The concentration of a hormone in the blood is dependent upon which of the following factors?

A)the rate of secretion of the hormone from the endocrine gland
B)the rate of removal (i.e. ,metabolism)of the hormone from the blood
C)changes in plasma volume
D)All of the above answers are correct

Question 5

Power is the term used to

A)describe how much work is accomplished per unit of time
B)describe the energy expenditure during exercise
C)describe the measurement of work output
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 6

In biological control systems,the control center

A)is always located within the brain stem.
B)acts as a sensor (receptor)that detects change in a physiological variable.
C)integrates the strength of incoming signals from sensors and sends the appropriate response to the effectors to bring about change.
D)is always located near the receptor.

Question 7

The speed of cellular chemical reactions is regulated by enzymes.Enzyme activity can be influenced by _____.

A)temperature
B)pH
C)concentration of substrate available
D)all of the above answers are correct

Question 8

The enzymes responsible for the degradation of triglycerides are called

A)lipases
B)dehydrogenases
C)isomerases
D)lipidases

Question 9

The process of transcription occurs in cells and results in the production of

A)DNA
B)proteins
C)polypeptides
D)mRNA

Question 10

In regard to treadmill exercise,the percent grade of the treadmill is defined as

A)the vertical rise of the treadmill
B)the angle of inclination
C)the angle of inclination divided by the hypotenuse
D)the amount of vertical rise per 100 units of treadmill belt travel.

Question 11

Net efficiency is defined as

A)work output divided by exercise intensity X 100
B)work output divided by resting energy expenditure X 100
C)work output divided by energy expended X 100
D)work output divided by exercise duration X 100

Question 12

To combat a disturbance in cellular homeostasis,cells can respond by producing

A)stress proteins.
B)free radicals.
C)heat.
D)None of the above answers are correct.

Question 13

The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reaction between ADP and phosphocreatine is ____.

A)ADP kinase.
B)ATP kinase.
C)phosphofructokinase.
D)creatine kinase.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT an explanation for the lactate threshold?

A)low muscle oxygen
B)high levels of PCO₂ in venous blood
C)reduced rate of lactate removal from the blood
D)accelerated glycolysis

Question 15

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure energy expenditure in humans?

A)direct calorimetry
B)indirect calorimetry
C)sub-direct calorimetry
D)Both A and B are correct.

Question 16

A line graph is used to illustrate the relationships between two variables.The independent variable is placed

A)at the top of the graph as a "heading"
B)on the X axis
C)on the Y axis
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 17

The maximal oxygen uptake represents

A)a valid measurement of cardiovascular fitness.
B)a physiological ceiling for the ability of the oxygen transport system to deliver oxygen to the working muscles.
C)a work rate below the lactate threshold.
D)both A and B are correct

Question 18

Compared to low-intensity exercise,the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption is greater in high-intensity exercise because

A)heat production and body temperature is higher.
B)phosphocreatine levels in the muscle is depleted and more oxygen is required to resynthesize phosphocreatine during recovery.
C)blood epinephrine and norepinephrine levels are much higher.
D)all of the above answers are correct

Question 19

Most of the control systems in the body operate by

A)negative feedback
B)positive feedback
C)Inverse feedback control
D)autopilot control

Question 20

The nucleus of a cell contains

A)lysosomal enzymes
B)the genetic components (i.e. ,genes)of the cell
C)the enzymes that regulate glycolysis
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 21

The first line of defense against infection is __________?

A)cellular components
B)complement proteins
C)natural killer cells
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 22

Which of the following hormones decrease in the blood during prolonged exercise?

A)insulin
B)epinephrine
C)norepinephrine
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 23

Which of the following has been shown to increase the susceptibility to infection?

A)Inadequate diet
B)Lack of sleep
C)Mental stress
D)All of the above are correct

Question 24

Neutrophils are leukocytes that

A)protect the body against viral infection.
B)participate as phagocytes during bacterial invasion.
C)destroy multicellular parasites.
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 25

The major cells involved in the acquired immune system are

A)antibodies
B)natural killer cells
C)both B and T cells
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 26

Which of the following hormones are NOT released from the adrenal cortex?

A)cortisol
B)estrogen
C)androgens
D)insulin

Question 27

The human body contains over ___________skeletal muscles.

A)200
B)300
C)500
D)600

Question 28

The term temporal summation refers to

A)the addition of multiple action potentials.
B)The sum of numerous IPSPs
C)The sum of numerous EPSPs over a short time period
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 29

The sensory nerve fibers that conduct information to the central nervous system are called________.

A)afferent fibers
B)efferent fibers
C)dentrites
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 30

The term mixed venous blood refers to_____________________.

A)a mixture of arterial and venous blood
B)a mixture of blood from the right and left atria
C)an average of venous blood from the entire body
D)an average of both venous and arterial blood

Question 31

In human skeletal muscles,the muscle fiber type with the fastest shortening velocity is the _______ fiber.

A)type I
B)type IIa
C)type IIx
D)type IIb

Question 32

The region of cytoplasm surrounding an individual nucleus in skeletal muscle fibers is called_______?

A)the mitochondrial domain
B)the motor unit domain
C)the neuromuscular domain
D)the myonuclear domain

Question 33

The decrease in hormone receptor number that can occur in response to a chronically elevated level of a hormone is called

A)receptor cross-regulation
B)receptor up-regulation
C)receptor down-regulation
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 34

Which of the following components of the nervous system is responsible for maintaining balance and detecting linear and angular acceleration?

A)motor cortex
B)joint and tendon receptors
C)ocularmotor center
D)vestibular apparatus

Question 35

Plasma levels of growth hormone increase during prolonged exercise.Which of the following statements about growth hormone is true?

A)Increased plasma levels of growth hormone promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver.
B)Increased plasma levels of growth hormone promotes glycogenolysis in the liver.
C)Increased plasma levels of growth hormone promotes synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes.
D)None of the above answers are true

Question 36

The muscle spindle functions as a

A)chemoreceptor for skeletal muscles.
B)pressure receptor for skeletal muscles.
C)tension monitor for skeletal muscles.
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 37

The amount of force generated by a muscle during muscular contraction is dependent upon___________.

A)the types of number of motor units recruited.
B)the length of the muscle fibers.
C)the nature of the motor unit stimulation.
D)All of the above answers are correct.

Question 38

The sequence of events leading from the nerve impulse to muscle contraction is called _____________.

A)excitatory muscle contraction
B)depolarization of the T-tubules
C)excitation-contraction coupling
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 39

T-cells are produced in

A)the bone marrow.
B)the thymus.
C)the bone marrow and thymus.
D)the skin.

Question 40

The excitatory neurotransmitter at sympathetic ganglia is

A)acetylcholine
B)epinephrine
C)norepinephrine
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 41

The ________ buffer system is considered the most important buffer system in the body.

A)protein
B)hemoglobin
C)carnosine
D)bicarbonate

Question 42

The double product can be used to estimate____________________.

A)systolic blood pressure during exercise
B)the workload placed on skeletal muscles during exercise
C)the oxygen requirement of intestinal organs during exercise
D)the metabolic load placed on the heart during exercise

Question 43

Pulmonary volumes can be measured using a technique known as____________.

A)pulmonary technology
B)respiratory technology
C)spirometry
D)respiratory ergonomics

Question 44

An increase in arterial PCO2 results in an increase of __________ acid.

A)carbonic
B)lactic
C)glutamic
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 45

Which of the following sporting events has a high risk of promoting an acid-base disturbance in the active muscles and blood?

A)volleyball
B)American football
C)400 meter run (track)
D)weight lifting

Question 46

Based on the pH scale,acidosis is defined as

A)arterial pH below 7.4
B)arterial pH below 7.2
C)arterial pH below 7.0
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 47

The term afterload refers to:

A)the impact of exercise on cardiac workload
B)the work imposed on the heart following an exercise training session
C)the peripheral vascular resistance that provides a load on the ventricle as the heart contracts
D)All of the above answers are correct

Question 48

The maximal heart rate reached during high intensity exercise for a young adult (i.e. ,20 year old subject)would be approximately_________ beats per minute.

A)120
B)150
C)200
D)250

Question 49

The term specific heat refers to:

A)the heat produced in contracting skeletal muscles
B)the heat generated by cross-bridge cycling
C)the heat produced in a specific organ
D)the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of body tissue by 1^oC.

Question 50

Heart rate increases at the beginning of a bout of light exercise due to______________.

A)a withdrawal of the sympathetic nervous system
B)a withdrawal of the parasympathetic nervous system
C)an increase in the outflow from the parasympathetic nervous system
D)none of the above answers are correct

Question 51

The movement of gas from the environment to the lungs is achieved by___________.

A)diffusion
B)effusion
C)bulk flow
D)active transport

Question 52

The primary purpose of the respiratory system during submaximal exercise is to _________________.

A)regulate acid-base balance
B)cool the airways
C)to provide a means of gas exchange between the environment and the body
D)to regulate the hydrogen ion concentration in the blood.

Question 53

During incremental exercise,pulmonary ventilation results in a linear increase in ventilation up to approximately _________ of VO₂ max.

A)30-40%
B)40-50%
C)50-70%
D)90-100%

Question 54

Heat acclimation results in a ______ increase in plasma volume.

A)10-12%
B)15-20%
C)25-30%
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 55

Mathematically,the relationship between metabolic rate and body core temperature is best described as a _______ relationship.

A)curvilinear
B)exponential
C)linear
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 56

At rest and during exercise,the primary factor that contributes to resistance of airflow in the pulmonary system is______________.

A)the tidal volume
B)the diameter of the airway
C)the temperature of the inspired air
D)none of the above answers are correct

Question 57

Approximately ____ of the energy expended during exercise is released as heat.

A)70-80%
B)60-69%
C)50-59%
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 58

The pH of a solution is defined as:

A)the number acids vs.bases in a solution
B)the rate of removal of hydrogen ions from the blood
C)the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
D)All of the above answers are correct

Question 59

Humans produce sweat via eccrine sweat glands.These glands are under ________control.

A)sympathetic adrenergic
B)parasympathetic cholinergic
C)parasympathetic adrenergic
D)sympathetic cholinergic

Question 60

Which of the following factors can increase arterial blood pressure?

A)increase in blood volume
B)increase in stroke volume
C)increased peripheral resistance
D)all of the above answers are correct

Question 61

The standard deviation (i.e. ,potential error)in estimating maximal heart rate from 220-age is approximately________ beats/min.

A)5
B)8-10
C)11
D)22

Question 62

Resistance exercise training results in a shift in muscle fiber type from _____to _____.

A)IIa to IIx
B)IIa to I
C)IIx to IIa
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 63

Low-grade chronic systemic inflammation is linked to which of the following diseases?

A)Hypertension
B)heart disease
C)stroke
D)All of the above answers are correct

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a sign of myocardia ischemia?

A)extreme fatigue
B)jaw pain
C)abdominal pain
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 65

The sensation of breathlessness is called ____________.

A)hyperpnea
B)angina pectoris
C)apnea
D)dyspnea

Question 66

An exercise prescription emphasizing ___________________ and performed ___________will maximize benefits related to insulin sensitivity and weight loss in type II diabetics.

A)high-intensity interval training;3 days per week
B)moderate intensity exercise (20-30 min/day);3-4 days per week
C)low intensity,long duration exercise;almost every day
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 67

A potential side effect of regular exercise training is______________.

A)increased risk of developing coronary heart disease
B)increased risk of developing type I diabetes
C)increased risk of seizures
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 68

Physical inactivity is now considered to be ____________ risk factor for coronary heart disease.

A)a minor
B)an uncomplicated
C)a moderate
D)primary

Question 69

A conduction disturbance refers to__________________.

A)a cardiac arrhythmia
B)myocardial ischemia
C)blockage or slowing of depolarization of the heart
D)All of the above answers are correct

Question 70

Increases in muscular strength during 20-30 weeks of resistance training is largely due to:

A)fiber hypertrophy
B)fiber hyperplasia
C)changes in the nervous system
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 71

In adults,the risk of sudden death during vigorous-intensity physical activity is one per year for every ____-____individuals.

A)1000-2000
B)5,000-10,000
C)15,000-18,000
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 72

The epidemiological model "web of causation" is used to describe the risk factors for developing_________.

A)respiratory diseases
B)cancer
C)heart disease
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 73

Which of the following diseases are NOT in the top five causes of death?

A)diseases of the heart
B)lower respiratory diseases
C)malignant neoplasms (cancer)
D)hepatitis C

Question 74

In general,stretching to improve flexibility should be performed ______times per week

A)1
B)2
C)3-4
D)>5

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the three categories of risk factors associated with chronic disease?

A)inherited/biological
B)environmental
C)behavioral
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 76

According the revised Borg scale of the rating of perceived exertion,a rating of 10 would indicate a perceived exertion of _______________.

A)moderate
B)somewhat hard
C)heavy (strong)
D)very,very heavy

Question 77

Three years of endurance exercise training increases VO₂ max by:

A)increasing maximal cardiac output and increasing the max arterial-venous oxygen difference
B)increasing maximal cardiac output ONLY
C)increasing the max arterial-venous oxygen difference ONLY
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 78

Which of following tests to estimate VO₂max produces the lowest standard error?

A)VO₂max is estimated from a 1-mile walk test or 12-minute run.
B)VO₂max is estimated from the heart rate values measured during a submaximal test.
C)VO₂max is estimated from the last stage of a maximal test
D)All of these tests produce essentially the same standard error

Question 79

The metabolic syndrome involves all of the following factors:

A)obesity,low blood glucose,and hypertension
B)fiber hyperplasia,obesity,and hypertension
C)insulin resistance,obesity,hypertension,and hypoglycemia
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 80

__________are the source for additional nuclei in muscle fibers.

A)Bone-derived stem cells
B)Space cells
C)Satellite cells
D)Plasma cells