Deck 7: Learning

Question 1

Children often learn to associate their pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar.This best illustrates the process underlying

A) observational learning.
B) respondent behavior.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.

Answer 1

operant conditioning.

Question 2

Learning specific behaviors simply by watching others perform them is known as

A) behaviorism.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Answer 2

observational learning.

Question 3

Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of

A) discrimination.
B) generalization.
C) learning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Answer 3

learning.

Question 4

Classical conditioning is a type of learning

A) in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher.
B) in which we link two or more stimuli.
C) that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
D) that references mental processes.

Question 5

Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle.The sound is a(n)

A) unconditioned response.
B) generalization.
C) acquisition.
D) stimulus.

Question 6

Psychologists define learning as the process of

A) adapting to the environment.
B) responding to external stimuli.
C) rewarding behavioral responses.
D) acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Question 7

In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that

A) triggers imitation.
B) signals a reward.
C) elicits operant behavior.
D) evokes a response.

Question 8

Conditioning is the process of

A) discrimination.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) learning associations.
D) observational learning.

Question 9

Marisa's pet dog has learned that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of its food.This illustrates

A) operant conditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) classical conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?

A) studying for a test
B) blushing when embarrassed
C) thanking someone for her help
D) sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor

Question 11

The acquisition of mental information by observing events,watching others,or through language is called

A) classical conditioning.
B) cognitive learning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) introspection.

Question 12

When voting,people are more likely to support taxes to aid education if their assigned voting place is in a school.This best illustrates the impact of

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) unconditioned responses.
C) learned associations.
D) behaviorism.

Question 13

When Henry's little brother accidentally locked himself inside his mother's car,Henry used his mother's car key to unlock the door.Henry's action could best be described as a(n)

A) unconditioned response.
B) respondent behavior.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant behavior.

Question 14

A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher is called

A) cognitive learning.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 15

Respondent behavior is defined as a(n)________ response to some stimulus.

A) novel
B) operant
C) automatic
D) generalized

Question 16

Our capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with our changing world is known as

A) learning.
B) cognition.
C) association.
D) adaptability.

Question 17

Carl so strongly associates watching baseball games with eating hot dogs that he habitually eats them while at the ballpark even when he's not hungry.His eating habit best illustrates the impact of

A) unconditioned responses.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) introspection.
D) learning.

Question 18

The sea slug Aplysia will withdraw its gills if it is squirted with water.If the squirts continue,as they do in nature,the withdrawal response will diminish.But if the sea slug receives an electric shock after being squirted,the withdrawal of the gills will grow stronger.This is an example of

A) cognitive learning.
B) associative learning.
C) adaptability.
D) operant behavior.

Question 19

Voluntary behaviors that produce consequences are called

A) respondent behaviors.
B) associative behaviors.
C) operant behaviors.
D) conditioned responses.

Question 20

Classically conditioned habits are said to involve

A) observational learning.
B) respondent behavior.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant behavior.

Question 21

In Pavlov's experiments,the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation.Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 22

After spending two decades studying dogs' digestive system,________ realized that certain "psychic secretions" pointed to a fundamental form of learning.

A) B.F.Skinner
B) Rosalie Rayner
C) John B.Watson
D) Ivan Pavlov

Question 23

In classical conditioning,an unlearned,naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n)

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned response.
C) neutral stimulus.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 24

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World,infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise.In this fictional example,the loud noise is a(n)

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.

Question 25

Behaviorism was the view that psychology should scientifically study behavior without reference to

A) conditioning.
B) neutral stimuli.
C) discrimination.
D) cognitive processes.

Question 26

Before learning painfully that the sound of a buzzing bee signaled she was about to be stung,Sara felt no fear in response to the buzzing sound.At that time the sound of the buzzing bee was most clearly a(n)

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) neutral stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 27

John B.Watson considered himself to be a

A) physiological psychologist.
B) cognitive psychologist.
C) behaviorist.
D) psychoanalyst.

Question 28

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

A) John B.Watson.
B) Rosalie Rayner.
C) B.F.Skinner.
D) Ivan Pavlov.

Question 29

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward,the first animal opens a similar box with great speed.This best illustrates

A) classical conditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) respondent behavior.
D) observational learning.

Question 30

John B.Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether

A) consumer buying habits are influenced by newspaper advertisements.
B) worker productivity is influenced by hourly wage rates.
C) academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept.
D) aggressive behavior is influenced by threats of punishment.

Question 31

The type of learning in which one comes to associate two stimuli and thereby anticipate events is called

A) respondent behavior.
B) classical conditioning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 32

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs,the US was

A) a tone.
B) salivation to the sound of a tone.
C) the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.
D) salivation to the food in the mouth.

Question 33

In Pavlov's experiments,the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation.Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 34

Before Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone,the tone was a(n)

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) partial conditioner.
D) neutral stimulus.

Question 35

The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were

A) unconditioned responses.
B) unconditioned stimuli.
C) conditioned responses.
D) conditioned stimuli.

Question 36

Last year,Dr.Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of rabies vaccination shots.Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

A) cognitive learning
B) classical conditioning
C) observational learning
D) operant conditioning

Question 37

Samantha's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in its mouth.Each morning,Samantha places the cat's food on the back porch.Each time Samantha opens the door the bell rings.Now,Samantha's cat salivates when the bell rings.Which of the following is the neutral stimulus in this example?

A) food
B) salivation
C) the door
D) the bell on the door

Question 38

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

A) playing jump rope
B) running through a maze to get a food reward
C) sweating in hot weather
D) clapping after a thrilling concert performance

Question 39

When Jake is with his girlfriend,he feels so in love,happy,and content.Because he and his girlfriend text and talk on the phone frequently throughout the day,Jake has set up a special ring tone for his girlfriend.Now,when he hears the ring tone,he feels happy and content.Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

A) Jake's girlfriend
B) feeling in love,happy,and content
C) Jake's phone
D) the ring tone

Question 40

In classical conditioning,a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) primary stimulus.
C) neutral stimulus.
D) secondary stimulus.

Question 41

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock.The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called

A) discrimination.
B) acquisition.
C) generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 42

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly

A) after an appropriate UR.
B) after an appropriate US.
C) before an appropriate UR.
D) before an appropriate US.

Question 43

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction the

A) CS is eliminated.
B) CR is eliminated.
C) CS is suppressed.
D) CR is suppressed.

Question 44

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food.The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light

A) five seconds before the food.
B) half a second before the food.
C) at precisely the same time as the food.
D) a half-second after the food.

Question 45

The reappearance,after a time lapse,of an extinguished CR is called

A) generalization.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) discrimination.
D) secondary conditioning.

Question 46

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 47

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

A) UR;CR
B) CS;UR
C) US;UR
D) CS;US

Question 48

Three-year-old Jonathan saw fireworks that were repeatedly followed by loud fear-producing explosive sounds.The mere sight of fireworks first began to trigger a learned fear reaction in Jonathan during the process of

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) extinction.
C) discrimination.
D) acquisition.

Question 49

In classical conditioning,generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) respondent behavior.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 50

After a scary biking accident,Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a safe biking trail every day for a week.The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when he rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustrates

A) discrimination.
B) operant behavior.
C) generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a process of classical conditioning that Pavlov explored?

A) acquisition
B) extinction
C) operant behavior
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 52

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious,mouth-watering meal.Later,when Gavin was given a tour of the property,he drooled with delight.For Gavin,the lakeshore property was a

A) US.
B) CS.
C) UR.
D) CR.

Question 53

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail.The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a

A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.

Question 54

In classical conditioning,the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.

A) US;CS
B) UR;CR
C) CS;US
D) CR;UR

Question 55

Classical conditioning is most clearly biologically adaptive because it enables us to learn that the ________ predicts the onset of the _________.

A) US;UR
B) US;CS
C) UR;CR
D) CS;US

Question 56

At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one.With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings,however,his fear of dogs has gradually faded.Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates

A) operant behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) extinction.
D) acquisition.

Question 57

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food.In this case,the tone is called a(n)

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) primary stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) neutral stimulus.

Question 58

In classical conditioning,the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of

A) a neutral stimulus.
B) generalization.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) operant behavior.

Question 59

In classical conditioning,an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n)

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) neutral stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 60

In classical conditioning,a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is referred to as a(n)

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 61

To assess whether Mrs.Webster had suffered a brain injury,researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face.In this application of classical conditioning,the sound was a

A) US.
B) UR.
C) CS.
D) CR.

Question 62

When a particular taste accompanies a drug that influences an immune response,the taste by itself can come to produce an immune response.This demonstrates the power of

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) discrimination.

Question 63

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called

A) acquisition.
B) discrimination.
C) generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 64

Just after they taste a sweet liquid,mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response.Later,the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response.This best illustrates

A) operant conditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) classical conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Question 65

Research has shown that,compared with nonabused children,those children who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an angry face.This best illustrates

A) operant behavior.
B) generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) discrimination.

Question 66

Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat.Philip now fears all small animals.His fear demonstrates the process of

A) generalization.
B) operant conditioning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) extinction.

Question 67

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts.This best illustrates

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) an operant behavior.
D) generalization.

Question 68

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

A) can interfere with the process of learning.
B) can be extinguished.
C) are acquired through observational learning.
D) may be produced through classical conditioning.

Question 69

It has long been a mystery what became of Little Albert.While we may never know for sure,according to the text,one possibility is that he

A) suffered from a debilitating disorder and passed away as a child.
B) grew into adulthood,married,and fathered four children.
C) became an easygoing man who greatly disliked dogs.He passed away in 2007.
D) became a professor of psychology at John Hopkins University.

Question 70

After learning to fear a white rat,Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit.This best illustrates the process of

A) observational learning.
B) generalization.
C) operant conditioning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 71

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

A) it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning.
B) so many different species of animals,including humans,can be classically conditioned.
C) it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning.
D) all learning depends on respondent behavior.

Question 72

Jacqueline has a special ring tone on her phone for her boyfriend and a different special ring tone on her phone for her brother.When her boyfriend calls,Jacqueline gets excited but she doesn't get excited when her brother calls.This best illustrates the value of

A) operant behavior.
B) extinction.
C) discrimination.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 73

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting,Andrew becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate.If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious,this would best illustrate

A) observational learning.
B) generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) an unconditioned response.

Question 74

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad.Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) discrimination.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) generalization.

Question 75

Which form of learning makes dieting especially difficult?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) observational learning
D) discrimination

Question 76

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant,Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant.In this case,spanking was a(n)________ for Colin's fear.

A) unconditional response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) secondary conditioner
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 77

Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days.His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of

A) operant conditioning.
B) extinction.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) generalization.

Question 78

Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten.This best illustrates the adaptive value of

A) operant behavior.
B) discrimination.
C) observational learning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 79

Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning were most clearly valuable because they provided the young discipline of psychology with a model of

A) animal consciousness.
B) scientific methodology.
C) cognitive processes.
D) introspection.

Question 80

Who showed us how a process such as learning could be studied objectively?

A) B.F.Skinner
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) John Locke
D) John B.Watson