Deck 13: Personality

Question 1

According to Freud,the ________ is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts,wishes,feelings,and memories of which we are unaware.

A) self-concept
B) ego
C) unconscious mind
D) superego

Answer 1

unconscious mind

Question 2

Trait theories expanded on

A) psychoanalytic theories.
B) humanistic theories.
C) both psychoanalytic and humanistic theories.
D) neither psychoanalytic nor humanistic theories.

Answer 2

both psychoanalytic and humanistic theories.

Question 3

A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax,close his eyes,and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind,no matter how trivial or absurd.The therapist is using a technique known as

A) fixation.
B) free association.
C) projection.
D) hypnosis.

Answer 3

free association.

Question 4

Which of the following psychologists is the most well-known?

A) Carl Jung
B) Alfred Adler
C) Karen Horney
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 5

By professional training,Freud was a

A) philosopher.
B) sociologist.
C) physician.
D) literary scholar.

Question 6

Which contemporary theoretical approach is most directly descended from Freud's psychoanalysis?

A) trait theories
B) psychodynamic theories
C) social-cognitive theories
D) humanistic theories

Question 7

Reporting whatever thoughts come to mind even if they are trivial or embarrassing,is characteristic of

A) defense mechanisms.
B) schemas.
C) free association.
D) the inferiority complex.

Question 8

Forgotten memories that we can easily recall were said by Freud to be

A) displaced.
B) preconscious.
C) fixated.
D) unconscious.

Question 9

Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that some patients' symptoms

A) resulted from the physical abuse they had received from their parents during childhood.
B) reflected a loss of individuality.
C) illustrated a collective unconscious.
D) made no neurological sense.

Question 10

A therapist thinks that Jordan would be less agitated and more effective at work if he could recognize his own conflicting feelings of respect for and irritation toward his workplace supervisor.The therapist's belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

A) trait
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) social-cognitive

Question 11

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking,feeling,and acting is his or her

A) self-esteem.
B) personality.
C) reality principle.
D) defense mechanism.

Question 12

Mathilda is a receptionist at an insurance company and has recently lost all feeling in her right hand.Mathilda went to her physician who has referred her to a specialist because her symptoms

A) are obviously fictitious.
B) indicate a serious medical disorder.
C) are easily fixed.
D) do not make neurological sense.

Question 13

Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone.Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts.The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive

A) fixation.
B) personality.
C) Electra complex.
D) collective unconscious.

Question 14

Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by

A) Karen Horney.
B) Carl Jung.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Alfred Adler.

Question 15

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between

A) persons and situations.
B) repression and fixation.
C) conscious and unconscious mental processes.
D) the inferiority complex and the collective unconscious.

Question 16

The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to

A) humanistic theories.
B) psychodynamic theories.
C) social-cognitive theories.
D) trait theories.

Question 17

According to Freud,the unconscious is

A) the part of personality that cannot process information.
B) the thoughts,wishes,feelings,and memories of which we are largely unaware.
C) a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past.
D) a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that do not affect behavior.

Question 18

Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories.This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from

A) genetic defects.
B) an inferiority complex.
C) psychological processes.
D) the collective unconscious.

Question 19

Free association is central to

A) personality development.
B) reaction formation.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) projective testing.

Question 20

The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of

A) schemas.
B) self-consciousness.
C) behavioral consistency.
D) free association.

Question 21

According to Freud,the component of personality that seeks to reconcile the demands of the id,superego,and reality is the

A) collective unconscious.
B) Oedipus complex.
C) erogenous zone.
D) ego.

Question 22

Six-year-old Marcel sees that his mother just baked some cookies.His immediate thought is to sneak a cookie before dinner,which is against his mother's wishes.According to Freud,the desire for the cookie and the thoughts of sneaking a cookie come from the ________ seeking to satisfy the ________ principle.

A) id;pleasure principle
B) ego;pleasure principle
C) id;reality principle
D) ego;reality principle

Question 23

When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather,he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car.He decided,instead,to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education.Hafez shows signs of a

A) weak superego.
B) weak id.
C) strong collective unconscious.
D) strong ego.

Question 24

Freud emphasized that the ________ operates on the reality principle.

A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) personality

Question 25

Rebecca is 4 years old and is staring at the chocolate chip cookies cooling on the kitchen counter.She really wants one.They are sweet and yummy! Before leaving the room-Rebecca's mother told her that she could have some cookies after she eats her dinner.As Rebecca goes to grab a cookie,she pauses and decides to sit at the dinner table.Rebecca calls for her mother and says,"I'm ready for dinner." Which aspect of Rebecca's personality,according to Freud,is responsible for her actions?

A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) impulse

Question 26

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle.

A) schema
B) false consensus
C) identity
D) pleasure

Question 27

Stephen's mother bought a cake for dessert after tonight's dinner.While she was in the other room,Stephen grabbed a piece with his hands and took a bite.Which part of his personality,according to Freud,was obviously in control?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) executive

Question 28

Ego is to id as ________ is to ________.

A) unconscious;conscious
B) biology;morality
C) reality principle;pleasure principle
D) regression;repression

Question 29

Jennifer is talking to a friend about her two children arguing frequently.Her friend replies that it is normal sibling rivalry.Without realizing it,her friend is referencing

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Alfred Adler.
C) Karen Horney.
D) Carl Jung.

Question 30

Freud believed that the basis of human personality was some form of ________ that needed to be resolved.

A) conflict
B) impulse
C) restraint
D) tendency

Question 31

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate,he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum.Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his

A) superego.
B) ego.
C) id.
D) Oedipus complex.

Question 32

As a result of his impulsiveness,David has had several run-ins with teachers and law enforcement.According to Freud,David's ________ is being overwhelmed by the desires of the ________.

A) id;superego
B) ego;id
C) id;ego
D) collective unconscious;preconscious

Question 33

According to Freud,the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment is the

A) Oedipus complex.
B) ego.
C) id.
D) superego.

Question 34

According to Freud,the need to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive desires comes from the ________,which operates on the ________.

A) ego;pleasure principle
B) superego;Oedipus complex
C) id;pleasure principle
D) ego;reality principle

Question 35

Chantae cannot recall events surrounding the day her father died.According to Freud's theory of personality,Chantae's memories are stored at the ________ level of awareness.

A) collective unconscious
B) unconscious
C) conscious
D) implicit

Question 36

According to psychoanalytic theory,the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) erogenous zones.

Question 37

According to Freud,repressed feelings and ideas seep out in

A) people's work and daily habits.
B) the friends we choose.
C) the way we dress.
D) all of these ways.

Question 38

Armand's parents won't let him go to a friend's party because of the lack of parental supervision.Armand decides to sneak out of the house to attend the party.After climbing out of his bedroom window he feels extremely guilty and returns to his room.According to Freud,the feelings of guilt come from his

A) id.
B) ego.
C) preconscious mind.
D) superego.

Question 39

Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video.Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's

A) ego.
B) id.
C) superego.
D) inferiority complex.

Question 40

Mark likes to play video games on his laptop.His parents have him put away his laptop before dinner,and he is not allowed to play until the next day.After his parents have gone to bed,Mark gets out of bed and gets the laptop to play games.Which part of his personality is in control,according to Freud's theory?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) executive

Question 41

Maurene wants to be just like her mother.She imitates what her mother does around the house and says that she likes what her mother likes.According to Freud,this ________ her mother provides Maurene with her gender identity,or sense of being female.

A) hatred for
B) jealousy toward
C) affiliation motivation with
D) identification with

Question 42

The Oedipus complex is the term used by Freud to describe

A) the erogenous zones that are the focus of the latency stage.
B) the passive dependence of someone who is orally fixated.
C) children's efforts to overcome feelings of inferiority.
D) boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother.

Question 43

The theory that would most likely predict that boys raised without a father figure will have difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity was proposed by

A) Carl Jung.
B) Alfred Adler.
C) Karen Horney.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 44

Freud suggested that a boy's identification with his father during the phallic stage illustrates

A) latency development.
B) the benefits of immediate gratification.
C) free association.
D) the process of conflict resolution.

Question 45

Brit is 15 months old and is on a serious mission to explore his surroundings.His mother is concerned about his exploration of their home because she has noticed that he seems to put everything in his mouth.He bites,chews,and sucks on objects.According to Freud,Brit is in the ________ stage of development.

A) anal
B) oral
C) latency
D) phallic

Question 46

According to Freud,boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage.

A) anal
B) phallic
C) oral
D) latency

Question 47

Gender identity refers to

A) our biological sex.
B) the sense of being male,female,or a combination of the two.
C) the set of socially expected behaviors for males and females.
D) internalized ideals for appropriate sexual behavior.

Question 48

Ten-year-old Jamie enjoys spending time with her girlfriends and learning in school.According to Freud,Jamie,who is no longer coping with unconscious incestuous sexual feelings,is probably in the ________ stage of development.

A) phallic
B) anal
C) latency
D) oral

Question 49

Freud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for strengthening

A) the Oedipus complex.
B) free association.
C) the superego.
D) erogenous zones.

Question 50

No matter how long and hard Lerae studies,she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have.A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a

A) weak id.
B) weak ego.
C) strong id.
D) strong superego.

Question 51

One night after he heard his parents arguing,4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake.A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n)

A) oral fixation.
B) reaction formation.
C) projective test.
D) Oedipus complex.

Question 52

According to Freud,identification involves

A) disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
B) switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites.
C) refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities.
D) the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.

Question 53

Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control.Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development.

A) phallic
B) anal
C) latency
D) oral

Question 54

Freud referred to the largely conscious "executive" part of the personality as the

A) Oedipus complex.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) id.

Question 55

Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experienced unconscious sexual desires for their father during the phallic stage.These feelings,they thought,reflected

A) reaction formation.
B) an Electra complex.
C) projection.
D) a weak superego.

Question 56

Lee is 13 years old and has recently become interested in girls.He likes the way they look and wonders what it would be like to kiss a girl.According to Freud,Lee is in the ________ stage of development.

A) anal
B) genital
C) latency
D) phallic

Question 57

Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits.According to Freud,Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires.

A) collective unconscious
B) superego
C) Oedipus complex
D) ego

Question 58

Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body known as

A) psychosexual stages.
B) archetypes.
C) erogenous zones.
D) Oedipus complexes.

Question 59

Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits.Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage.

A) oral
B) latency
C) phallic
D) anal

Question 60

In the ________ stage of development,sexual interests mature.

A) phallic
B) anal
C) genital
D) latency

Question 61

The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called

A) projection.
B) displacement.
C) fixation.
D) reaction formation.

Question 62

According to Freud,an adult who exhibits biting sarcasm and an exaggerated denial of his or her dependence on others shows signs of

A) free association.
B) identification.
C) projection.
D) a fixation.

Question 63

According to Freud,repression is the

A) process of storing new information in the preconscious mind.
B) process of banishing from the conscious mind memories,thoughts,and feelings that produce anxiety.
C) lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage of development.
D) use of hypnosis to uncover unconscious,painful memories and replace them with more pleasant memories.

Question 64

According to Freud,defense mechanisms are used by the

A) id to defend against the accusations and guilt feelings produced by the superego.
B) ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.
C) superego to prevent expression of sexual and aggressive drives.
D) id,ego,and superego in a repetitive sequence of internal conflicts.

Question 65

At any point during the psychosexual stages of development,strong conflict could ________ the person's pleasure-seeking energies at that stage.

A) fixate
B) repress
C) prime
D) project

Question 66

James has a sense of being a male.This would be considered his

A) pleasure principle.
B) superego.
C) affiliation motivation.
D) gender identity.

Question 67

Repression refers to the defense mechanism by which people

A) offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but threatening unconscious reasons for action.
B) retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a more infantile stage of development.
C) disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
D) banish anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness.

Question 68

Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of

A) projection.
B) regression.
C) rationalization.
D) reaction formation.

Question 69

Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are especially likely to exhibit

A) passive dependence.
B) an inferiority complex.
C) an Electra complex.
D) a strong superego.

Question 70

Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete

A) fixation.
B) displacement.
C) rationalization.
D) repression.

Question 71

Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as

A) projection.
B) a fixation.
C) displacement.
D) repression.

Question 72

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people

A) disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others.
B) consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.
C) retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a more infantile stage of development.
D) offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action.

Question 73

When Inge was 4 years old,her uncle yelled at her.At 14,Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way.A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of

A) repression.
B) rationalization.
C) regression.
D) displacement.

Question 74

Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year.However,he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born.Timmy's behavior best illustrates

A) reaction formation.
B) projection.
C) regression.
D) denial.

Question 75

It is finals week and Donna has two cumulative exams tomorrow.She has been studying,it seems,nonstop for the past few days and is currently in her dorm room studying.Her roommate tells her that she is studying too much and that she should go out to dinner with her.Donna replies,"No,thanks.I plan to spend the evening sleeping ...uh,I mean studying." Donna's reply is an example of what Freud would call

A) a slip of the tongue.
B) denial.
C) rationalization.
D) projection.

Question 76

Regression is a defense mechanism that involves

A) consciously expressing feelings that are the opposite of underlying unconscious impulses.
B) disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
C) retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage.
D) shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward less-threatening targets.

Question 77

Arjean's opinions are so dependent on what her friends think that she will believe just about anything they tell her.Freud would have suggested that Arjean demonstrates

A) a fixation.
B) free association.
C) reaction formation.
D) collective unconscious.

Question 78

Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile.In fact,Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school.According to psychoanalytic theory,Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a

A) regression.
B) projection.
C) denial.
D) reaction formation.

Question 79

Freud suggested that defense mechanisms protect an individual from

A) anxiety.
B) an inferiority complex.
C) the collective unconscious.
D) erogenous zones.

Question 80

Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to

A) regression.
B) an inferiority complex.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) free association.