Deck 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Allison is a newborn infant who,when held,roots for the breast or bottle.How would Dr.Jones,who is an evolutionary psychologist,explain her behavior?

A) Allison has learned that if she roots for the breast or bottle,an adult caregiver will feed her.
B) Allison's behavior is really not rooting.
C) Allison has a genetic instinct for rooting that aids her ability to survive.
D) Allison has been imprinted to root for a breast or bottle.

Answer 1

Allison has a genetic instinct for rooting that aids her ability to survive.

Question 2

Dr.Garcia is studying how drug addiction drives addicts to perform illegal acts to obtain drugs.Dr.Garcia's area of research is

A) emotion.
B) cognition.
C) motivation.
D) self-actualization.

Answer 2

motivation.

Question 3

A basic bodily requirement is a

A) psychological need.
B) physiological need.
C) psychological want.
D) physiological want.

Answer 3

physiological need.

Question 4

According to drive-reduction theory,a need refers to

A) a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.
B) anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior.
C) a desire to perform a behavior in order to avoid punishment.
D) a rigidly patterned behavioral urge characteristic of all people.

Question 5

According to ________,physiological needs (such as hunger and thirst)create an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need.

A) arousal theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) hierarchy of needs theory
D) evolutionary theory

Question 6

Mr.Porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children.He obviously believes that aggression is a(n)

A) incentive.
B) homeostatic mechanism.
C) instinct.
D) drive.

Question 7

A researcher at a university in Nevada claims to have discovered that humans have a "gambling instinct." Another researcher in Hawaii claims humans have found a "surfing instinct." What is wrong with these claims?

A) These claims do not explain behavior.
B) Gambling and surfing are not learned behaviors.
C) They are instincts in men but not in women.
D) There is no incentive in gambling and surfing.

Question 8

Motivations arise from the interplay between ________,the bodily "push," and ________,the "pulls" from our personal experiences,thoughts,and culture.

A) nature;nurture
B) nurture;nature
C) nature;homeostasis
D) incentives;homeostasis

Question 9

It is characteristic of bears to hibernate.This behavior is an example of

A) an instinct.
B) homeostasis.
C) an incentive.
D) a drive.

Question 10

Which theory fails to account for the many human behaviors motivated by physiological needs and psychological wants?

A) drive-reduction theory
B) homeostasis theory
C) arousal theory
D) instinct theory

Question 11

Although instincts are not common to humans,which of the following can be considered an innate tendency for human infants?

A) grabbing a bottle
B) learning a language
C) rooting and sucking
D) being potty trained

Question 12

Tyra's mouth is dry and she realizes that she hasn't had anything to drink all morning.The water level in her cells has dropped and she feels thirsty.She immediately stops what she is doing and heads for the nearest water fountain.Which of the following can be used to explain why she is motivated to get a drink of water?

A) drive-reduction theory
B) incentive theory
C) arousal theory
D) instincts

Question 13

Which theory of motivation most clearly emphasizes the importance of genetically predisposed behaviors?

A) drive-reduction theory
B) instinct theory
C) hierarchy of needs theory
D) arousal theory

Question 14

An instinctive behavior is one that is

A) designed to reduce drives.
B) triggered by a sexual incentive.
C) similar in all living organisms.
D) unlearned.

Question 15

A complex,unlearned,and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called

A) homeostasis.
B) a drive.
C) an instinct.
D) an incentive.

Question 16

Although instincts cannot explain most human motives,the underlying assumption that genes predispose some species-typical behaviors continues in

A) evolutionary psychology.
B) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
C) arousal theory.
D) drive-reduction theory.

Question 17

Motivation is defined by psychologists as

A) an impulse to accomplish something of significance.
B) rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of all people.
C) a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
D) the cause of behavior.

Question 18

As soon as sea turtles are hatched on a beach,they head directly for the ocean.This behavior is an example of

A) homeostasis.
B) an incentive.
C) arousal.
D) an instinct.

Question 19

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation.These include an emphasis on instincts,optimum arousal,a hierarchy of motives,and

A) drive reduction.
B) homeostasis.
C) sensation-seeking.
D) affiliation.

Question 20

________ is a theory in which a physiological need creates an aroused state that motivates us to satisfy that need.

A) Drive-reduction theory
B) Instinct theory
C) Evolutionary theory
D) Arousal theory

Question 21

For a hungry person,the consumption of food serves to

A) create an incentive.
B) create an instinctual drive.
C) maintain homeostasis.
D) eliminate homeostasis.

Question 22

Which of the following is clearly NOT an example of an incentive?

A) $1000
B) threat of punishment
C) smell of popcorn
D) dehydration

Question 23

John is going on a long bike ride.He knows there is a Dairy Queen at the 25-mile mark,and he plans on stopping there to buy a sundae as a reward for making it that far.The sundae is a(n)________ for riding 25 miles.

A) arousal
B) drive-reduction
C) incentive
D) homeostasis

Question 24

Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

A) incentive theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) arousal theory
D) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

Question 25

Our body's temperature cools,our blood vessels constrict (to conserve warmth),and we feel driven to put on more clothes or seek a warmer environment.Our cooling body is an example of a(n)

A) incentive.
B) instinct.
C) physiological need.
D) arousal.

Question 26

Carlos is studying for his psychology exam.He is finding it more and more difficult to focus because he is hungry.His hunger becomes so distracting that he leaves his studies and heads to the nearest sandwich shop.Which of the following best explains Carlos' behavior?

A) drive-reduction theory
B) arousal theory
C) need for affiliation
D) incentive theory

Question 27

While we are pulled to reduce ________,we are pushed by ________ which can be positive or negative environmental stimuli that lure or repel us.

A) incentives;instincts
B) drives;incentives
C) drives;instincts
D) instincts;drives

Question 28

Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called

A) needs.
B) incentives.
C) instincts.
D) drives.

Question 29

Nora is very cold,so she puts on a coat.Nora's body temperature is a physiological state that has produced a motivational state called

A) a need.
B) homeostasis.
C) a drive.
D) an incentive.

Question 30

Alexis is walking to class on an extremely hot day.She starts to perspire so heavily that she begins fanning herself with her notebook.Which theory most clearly explains her behavior by emphasizing the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

A) evolutionary theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) arousal theory
D) hierarchy of needs theory

Question 31

Noah is extremely hungry after his 5-mile run,so he fixes a large breakfast.Noah's hunger is an example of

A) a drive.
B) a need.
C) homeostasis.
D) an incentive.

Question 32

An aroused,motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called

A) an instinct.
B) an incentive.
C) a drive.
D) homeostasis.

Question 33

James is on his high school football team.His coach rewards players for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets.This practice best illustrates the use of

A) arousal.
B) drive-reduction.
C) incentives.
D) instincts.

Question 34

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.

A) homeostasis;thirst
B) incentive;instinct
C) need;drive
D) pornography;lust

Question 35

Victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their constant hunger.Their behavior is best explained in terms of

A) arousal theory.
B) instinct theory.
C) drive-reduction theory.
D) incentive theory.

Question 36

Homeostasis,which is the goal of drive reduction,is defined as

A) a rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species.
B) an aroused tension state that is often triggered by a physiological need.
C) the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state.
D) a physical need that usually triggers motivational arousal.

Question 37

For a thirsty person,drinking water serves to reduce

A) a drive.
B) an instinct.
C) an incentive.
D) homeostasis.

Question 38

Janice spends several hours a day practicing basketball and playing for two travel teams.Her goals are to eventually earn a college scholarship and play in the WNBA.Janice's goals are examples of

A) drive-reduction.
B) incentives.
C) an arousal.
D) homeostasis.

Question 39

An inadequate level of glucose circulating in your bloodstream is an example of a(n)

A) incentive.
B) instinct.
C) physiological need.
D) arousal.

Question 40

A lack of sleep is an example of a(n)

A) drive.
B) emotion.
C) need.
D) incentive.

Question 41

Randy is a bold person who enjoys stimulating and risky activities.His latest activity involved skydiving off mountainous cliffs.Randy is likely

A) a sensation-seeker.
B) self-transcendent.
C) an incentive seeker.
D) self-actualized.

Question 42

Incentives have been found to increase our ________ levels,causing our underlying drives to become active impulses.

A) ghrelin
B) leptin
C) serotonin
D) dopamine

Question 43

Lack of body fluids is to cold water as ________ is to ________.

A) need;incentive
B) need;drive
C) instinct;incentive
D) homeostasis;instinct

Question 44

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,if you experienced very high levels of physiological arousal you may have difficulties effectively

A) solving a crossword puzzle.
B) reciting the alphabet.
C) riding a bicycle.
D) washing dishes.

Question 45

Brandon participates in several "extreme" sports,such as bodyboarding,hang gliding,and rock climbing.While his friends say he is a sensation-seeker,________ theory might explain Brandon's participation in "extreme" sports as a way to conquer his own emotions and actions.

A) drive-reduction theory
B) instinct theory
C) evolutionary theory
D) arousal theory

Question 46

Ten-year-old Malik is bored unless he is active or playing with other children.Realizing his needs,his parents have involved him in after-school sports and summer camps,and they allow him to play outside with other children as much as possible.His parents understand Malik's high need for

A) arousal.
B) homeostasis.
C) incentives.
D) drive-reduction.

Question 47

The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of

A) instincts.
B) homeostasis.
C) arousal.
D) incentives.

Question 48

Which of the following examples would contradict drive-reduction theory?

A) Marshall is hungry but has not eaten all day so he can eat more during Thanksgiving dinner.
B) John is thirsty and spends money for a bottle of water.
C) Virginia is sleepy and decides to take a nap.
D) Jessica exercises very hard and eats a snack when she arrives home.

Question 49

Those who have high arousal and enjoy intense music,novel foods,and risky behaviors or careers have been called

A) sensation-seekers.
B) social animals.
C) self-determined.
D) motivators.

Question 50

The tendency for optimal levels of performance to be associated with moderate levels of arousal is known as

A) drive-reduction.
B) homeostasis.
C) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) self-actualization.

Question 51

Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

A) instinct theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) hierarchy of needs theory
D) arousal theory

Question 52

Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electric shocks?

A) arousal theory
B) hierarchy of needs theory
C) instinct theory
D) drive-reduction theory

Question 53

Adventurous people who relish the pursuit of novel and intense experiences are said to be

A) sensation-seekers.
B) self-transcendent.
C) incentive seekers.
D) self-actualized.

Question 54

Manny is a goalie for his college soccer team.The day of his team's first match Manny was so anxious about his upcoming performance that he could not eat breakfast or lunch.His performance was indeed very poor,so much so that he had to be replaced at halftime.Which of the following would have best predicted Manny's performance?

A) drive-reduction
B) homeostasis
C) the Yerkes-Dodson law
D) self-actualization

Question 55

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for

A) self-esteem.
B) love and friendship.
C) religious fulfillment.
D) food and water.

Question 56

Two-year-old Jada is bored.She has been stuck in her car seat for 30 minutes,has played with every toy available to her,and has looked at everything in the car.She wants desperately to escape.She is motivated to escape the car seat to

A) maintain her level of arousal.
B) decrease her arousal.
C) increase her arousal to an optimum level.
D) reach homeostasis.

Question 57

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of

A) homeostasis.
B) instincts.
C) hunger.
D) boredom.

Question 58

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,test performance is typically ________ when physiological arousal is ________.

A) best;moderate
B) worst;moderate
C) best;very low
D) best;very high

Question 59

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,the level of physiological arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be

A) lower on tasks that are well-learned.
B) higher on tasks that are difficult.
C) lower on tasks that are easy.
D) lower on tasks that are difficult.

Question 60

Thaddeus will perform in a band concert at his school tomorrow.According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,his musical performance is likely to be ________ if his physiological arousal during the performance is ________.

A) best;very low
B) worst;moderate
C) best;very high
D) best;moderate

Question 61

Juan feels that his life is meaningful.This means that he believes that his life has all of the following EXCEPT

A) purpose.
B) well-being.
C) significance.
D) coherence.

Question 62

According to Maslow,our need for ________ must be met before we can be preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________.

A) love;food
B) adequate clothing;self-esteem
C) self-actualization;friendship
D) political freedom;economic security

Question 63

Madison,who is an accountant,has been complemented by her supervisor for her good work.As a result,Madison feels a sense of achievement and competence.According to Maslow,Madison is motivated by

A) belongingness needs.
B) self-esteem needs.
C) self-transcendence needs.
D) self-actualization needs.

Question 64

Carmen has plenty of food and lives in a nice house.Now,she feels she needs to find a soulmate,or even a close friend or two,with whom she can share her life.According to Maslow,she is now motivated by

A) self-actualization needs.
B) esteem needs.
C) safety needs.
D) belongingness and love needs.

Question 65

In poorer nations,well-being is especially likely to be influenced by satisfaction with one's ________.In wealthier countries,well-being is especially likely to be influenced by satisfaction with one's ________.

A) financial circumstances;social connections
B) physical appearance;financial circumstances
C) personal achievements;personal safety
D) sexual desires;financial circumstances

Question 66

On the basis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs,one would be LEAST likely to predict that a

A) starving person might sell his or her child to obtain food.
B) teacher with high self-esteem might seek a career change to use his or her abilities more fully.
C) successful business executive might show greater concern for his or her family relationships than for becoming president of his corporation.
D) prisoner might choose to die rather than betray his or her country.

Question 67

Those early ancestors who formed social bonds were

A) more likely to reproduce.
B) more likely to be seen as a threat to others.
C) more likely to co-nurture their offspring to maturity.
D) likely to increase their chances of survival.

Question 68

Michelle's self-esteem has increased as she strives for competence,relatedness,and autonomy.Which theory could explain this?

A) arousal
B) evolutionary
C) self-determination
D) drive-reduction

Question 69

A central human motivation is people's need to

A) maintain their self-esteem.
B) form close enduring relationships with fellow humans.
C) satisfy a need for social isolation.
D) satisfy their need for political freedom before seeking emotional security.

Question 70

Tonya,who is a psychology graduate student,asked freshmen in an introductory psychology class,"What is necessary for you to be happy?" The students are most likely to attribute happiness to

A) money.
B) autonomy.
C) close satisfying relationships.
D) sex.

Question 71

Our need to belong is also referred to as the need for

A) affiliation.
B) autonomy.
C) competence.
D) ostracism.

Question 72

Which theory states that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence,autonomy,and relatedness?

A) arousal theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) self-determination theory
D) drive-reduction theory

Question 73

Alana worked hard to make enough money to support herself and afford an apartment in a safe neighborhood.She feels confident and really good about her accomplishments.Recently,she has entered a committed relationship.According to Maslow,Alana is moving through

A) drive-reduction.
B) homeostasis.
C) the hierarchy of needs.
D) incentives.

Question 74

Professor Sing is taking a sabbatical this semester and will stay in a Buddhist monastery to try to find meaning in his life and strive for purpose beyond the self.According to Maslow,Professor Sing is motivated to seek

A) belongingness.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-transcendence.
D) self-actualization.

Question 75

Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to agree with the positioning of which of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) self-esteem
B) self-transcendence
C) religious fulfillment
D) basic needs such as food and water

Question 76

Financial satisfaction is more strongly predictive of well-being in poor nations than in wealthy ones.This fact would most clearly be anticipated by

A) instinct theory.
B) arousal theory.
C) evolutionary theory.
D) hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 77

Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as

A) belongingness needs.
B) self-esteem needs.
C) self-transcendence needs.
D) self-actualization needs.

Question 78

Which of the following is the best predictor of happiness for most people?

A) money
B) a high grade-point average
C) small classes
D) close relationships

Question 79

Nikita comes from Nicaragua,a country with a relatively low average income.Francoise lives in Switzerland,where the standard of living is fairly high.Nikita's well-being is especially likely to be influenced by satisfaction with her ________.Francoise's well-being is especially likely to be influenced by satisfaction with her ________.

A) financial circumstances;social connections
B) physical appearance;financial circumstances
C) personal achievements;personal safety
D) sexual desires;financial circumstances

Question 80

Monica is motivated to reach her unique potential in both her personal and professional life.According to Maslow,Monica is motivated by

A) self-actualization needs.
B) esteem needs.
C) safety needs.
D) belongingness and love needs.