Deck 11: Clinical Therapy: the Powers of Social Cognition

Question 1

Who is more likely to exhibit a negative explanatory style?

A)a teenager
B)a non-depressed person
C)an elderly person
D)a depressed person

Answer 1

a depressed person

Question 2

Vanessa is a mildly depressed college student.Considering the research findings presented in the text on depression,she probably

A)suffers from the better-than-average phenomenon.
B)assumes that her behavior is well-accepted by others.
C)demonstrates the sadder-but-wiser effect.
D)is below average in intelligence.

Answer 2

demonstrates the sadder-but-wiser effect.

Question 3

Which of the following best illustrates an internal attribution for a failure or setback?

A)"I'll never succeed."
B)"This ruins everything."
C)"It's my fault."
D)"The whole world is against me."

Answer 3

"It's my fault."

Question 4

examined how depressed individuals view the extent of their personal control over events.Their results provided evidence of the phenomenon known as

A)optimistic well-being.
B)pessimistic exaggeration.
C)depressive realism.
D)learned helplessness.

Question 5

Explaining life events in terms of factors that are stable,global,and internal is a _______ explanatory style.

A)negative
B)positive
C)realistic
D)repressive

Question 6

Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or a setback illustrates the global quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?

A)"It's my fault."
B)"It's going to last forever."
C)"It's going to affect everything I do."
D)"It's the same with everybody."

Question 7

had depressed and nondepressed students observe whether pressing a button was linked with a light blinking and found that depressed students

A)were too self-focused to complete the task.
B)were quite accurate at assessing their control.
C)exaggerated the extent of their control of the light.
D)underestimated the extent of their control of the light.

Question 8

Compared to depressed people,non-depressed people

A)exaggerate their control of events around them.
B)have realistic perceptions of the good and bad things that the future holds.
C)readily accept responsibility for both successes and failures.
D)describe themselves with a fairly even mix of positive and negative qualities.

Question 9

,which of the following does NOT belong in the vicious cycle of depression?

A)self-focus
B)self-blame
C)depressed mood
D)defensive pessimism

Question 10

found that depressed people were realistic in thinking that other people

A)possessed more accurate self-concepts than they did.
B)did not appreciate their behavior.
C)would welcome their friendship and trust.
D)were less influenced by fear of social disapproval than they were.

Question 11

The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments is referred to as

A)the accurate explanatory style.
B)the Barnum effect.
C)realistic pessimism.
D)depressive realism.

Question 12

Compared to nondepressed people,depressed people are more likely to attribute their failures and setbacks to causes that are

A)unstable.
B)specific.
C)internal.
D)situational.

Question 13

College students who have depressed roommates tend to become

A)somewhat depressed themselves.
B)more accepting of people suffering from psychological disorders.
C)more optimistic about their own lives.
D)more studious and committed to achieving academic success.

Question 14

Maxwell,a college junior,suffers from chronic depression.After learning that he has performed poorly on his chemistry test,he is most likely to say,

A)"The test was not a fair assessment of what I actually know."
B)"My chemistry professor does not grade his tests fairly."
C)"I'm incompetent and probably always will be."
D)"I am sure most people did poorly on the test."

Question 15

Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or setback illustrates the stable quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?

A)"It's all my fault."
B)"It's going to last forever."
C)"The whole world is against me."
D)"It's going to affect everything I do."

Question 16

"Explanatory style" refers to

A)the complexity of one's persuasive arguments.
B)one's habitual way of explaining life events.
C)the pitch and speed with which one communicates.
D)whether one relies primarily on reason or emotion when debating an issue.

Question 17

Your roommate Joel is depressed.As a result,you will tend to become

A)somewhat depressed yourself.
B)more accepting of people suffering from psychological disorders.
C)more optimistic about your own life.
D)more studious and committed to achieving academic success.

Question 18

Jose's clinical psychologist diagnosed him as suffering from depression.Which of the following is not likely to be true of Jose's explanatory style after he fails his psychology test?

A)His failure on the test will affect everything else in his life.
B)It is his fault he failed the test.
C)He will never do well in school.
D)His teacher hates him.

Question 19

Yvonne,a college senior,is mildly depressed.Asked to describe herself,she notes both her positive and negative qualities.She recalls both past successes and failures and takes personal responsibility for both.Yvonne clearly illustrates the _______ effect.

A)rose-colored-glasses
B)sadder-but-wiser
C)head-in-the-clouds
D)feet-on-the-ground

Question 20

In depression-prone people,the vicious cycle of depression is usually triggered by negative experiences that lead directly to

A)self-focused rumination and self-blame.
B)depressed moods.
C)further negative experiences.
D)blaming others for the negative experiences.

Question 21

According to the self-presentation theory,we will feel social anxiety when we are

A)motivated to impress others but doubt our ability to do so.
B)motivated and able to impress others,but they ignore us.
C)in any circumstance in which we can be observed.
D)depressed.

Question 22

Shy people tend to

A)make a good first impression.
B)depersonalize social situations.
C)become less well-liked over time.
D)be self-conscious.

Question 23

Which of the following explains the relationship between depression and negative thinking?

A)depressed moods cause negative thinking
B)negative thinking causes depressed moods
C)depression and negative thinking are unrelated in laboratory experiments
D)depressed moods can cause negative thinking and negative thinking can cause depressed moods

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT an example of one of the components of a pessimistic explanatory style?

A)"This is all my fault."
B)"I've learned my lesson."
C)"This is going to ruin everything."
D)"Things are going to be terrible from now on."

Question 25

Loneliness is best described as a state created by the awareness that you

A)are alone most of the time.
B)have lost a significant relationship.
C)have less numerous or meaningful social relationships than you desire.
D)are not really respected even though you have many acquaintances.

Question 26

Both assertiveness training and rational-emotive therapy are cited in the text as examples of psychotherapeutic techniques that

A)utilize social support to change behavior.
B)utilize the attitudes-follow-behavior principle.
C)encourage changes in explanatory style.
D)use counter-conditioning strategies.

Question 27

,near-epidemic levels of depression in America today,ironically,can be blamed in part on the promotion of attitudes that say,

A)"Everybody needs somebody sometime."
B)"You can make it on your own."
C)"You're nobody if nobody loves you."
D)"Eat,drink,and be merry,for tomorrow we die."

Question 28

Chronically lonely people tend to blame _______ for their poor social relationships.

A)their parents and early childhood experiences
B)the uncaring attitudes of those presently around them
C)themselves
D)cultural patterns

Question 29

Chronically lonely people seem to have the same _______ as chronically depressed people.

A)unrealistic vision of the future
B)need to achieve perfection
C)illusion of control
D)negative explanatory style

Question 30

Having shy or anxious people observe,then rehearse,then try out more assertive behaviors in real situations is called

A)foot-in-the-door training.
B)rational-emotive therapy.
C)social skills training.
D)explanatory style therapy.

Question 31

According to the text,which of the following is a social-psychological principle that can be applied to the treatment of psychological difficulties?

A)attitudes-follow-behavior
B)we are cognitive misers
C)acceptance breeds compliance
D)behavior-follows-attitudes

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a therapy that utilizes the "attitudes-follow-behavior" principle?

A)assertiveness training
B)rational-emotive therapy
C)self-help groups
D)psychoanalysis

Question 33

,loneliness can increase people's risk of all of the following except

A)suicide.
B)cognitive decline.
C)heart disease.
D)low self-efficacy.

Question 34

According to the text,labeling oneself as shy,depressed,or under the influence of alcohol can serve a(n)_______ function.

A)anger-reducing
B)self-handicapping
C)concurrence-seeking
D)group-identification

Question 35

In comparison to those in Western cultures,depressed people in Japan are more likely to report feeling

A)guilt and self-blame over personal failure.
B)shame over letting down their family or co-workers.
C)sad about social problems such as poverty and discrimination.
D)hopeless and helpless.

Question 36

found that shy women were no longer shy when they

A)were provided an alternative explanation for their social anxiety.
B)were provided alcohol before interacting with others.
C)discovered that most people feel shy.
D)were taught to blame their failures on circumstances beyond their control.

Question 37

analysis of the attitudes that promote near-epidemic levels of depression in America,most of us feel that,if we do not "make it" in today's world,we can blame

A)our parents.
B)the government.
C)the alienation of the modern world.
D)only ourselves.

Question 38

According to the text,shyness is a form of _______ characterized by self-consciousness and worrying about what others think.

A)loneliness
B)social anxiety
C)depression
D)social incompetence

Question 39

Which of the following theories most clearly predicts that we will feel anxious when we are motivated to impress others but doubt our ability to do so?

A)social learning theory
B)self-presentation theory
C)self-perception theory
D)cognitive dissonance theory

Question 40

found that shy women who were bombarded with loud noise and told that it would leave them _______ were subsequently _______ when interacting with a handsome male.

A)with a pounding heart;no longer so shy
B)unaffected;no longer so shy
C)with a pounding heart;even more shy
D)unaffected;unaffected

Question 41

Do depressed moods cause negative thinking,or does negative thinking cause depression?

Question 42

Myers reported a number of reasons why and when people feel anxious in social situations.Review them.

Question 43

concluded that the success of their social skills training with shy men may have occurred because their program

A)employed skilled counselors who took responsibility for inspiring the men to feel confident and competent.
B)included no counseling,so the participants made internal attributions for their success.
C)protected the men from having to participate in actual conversations until they had first been extensively trained.
D)paved the way for conversational success by providing many external reasons for initiating conversation.

Question 44

supported the notion that social skills training can lead shy men to

A)become dependent on their therapist.
B)reduce their social anxiety.
C)concentrate on their social incompetence.
D)become more shy 6 months after treatment.

Question 45

enticed shy college men to participate in laboratory exercises that would enhance their socially competence.The men

A)were taught specific communication skills.
B)took a short course on positive thinking.
C)delivered self-laudatory speeches to strangers.
D)had several successful conversations with women.

Question 46

Identify and explain two social-psychological principles that may be applied to the treatment of psychological difficulties.

Question 47

Discuss the goal of explanatory style therapy for individuals with depression.