Deck 14: Late Adulthood: Body and Mind

Question 1

Making a positive adaptation to significant adversity is one sign of resilience.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Families do not need to provide opportunities for the development of peer relationships; it is best if those develop on their own, without any assistance from the family.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

About one-third of school-age children live with their nuclear family.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Adoptive families typically function well for children.

Question 5

As schoolchildren compare themselves to their friends, their self-concept tends to become more positive.

Question 6

According to Erikson, children between the ages of 6 and 11 experience the crisis of industry versus inferiority.

Question 7

How family members are genetically connected is part of the family structure.

Question 8

Resilience to stress is a stable or static trait describing a child's responses under adverse situations.

Question 9

Family function refers to how a family cares for its members.

Question 10

According to Piaget, children between the ages of 6 and 11 experience the crisis of industry versus inferiority.

Question 11

Children are less affected by shared environmental factors than by nonshared environmental factors.

Question 12

Research indicates that if a mother was more negative toward one of her twins, that child became more antisocial.

Question 13

Environmental influences from teachers and peer groups reflect one's shared influences.

Question 14

Moving to a "better neighborhood" during middle childhood helps children feel protected and stable at home.

Question 15

A child who demonstrates positive adaptation in the face of stressors such as poverty and neglect is showing resilience and will always continue to show resilience.

Question 16

The self-concept of school-age children becomes more realistic and specific.

Question 17

In polygamous families, income per child is higher than in nuclear families.

Question 18

Accumulated stresses over time, including minor ones, are more devastating than an isolated major stress.

Question 19

Family income and conflict can interfere with family function in every structure, ethnic group, and nation.

Question 20

A child's interpretation of events can mitigate the impact of stressful events.

Question 21

Other children are often sympathetic toward bully-victims.

Question 22

Evan, who is 8 years old, is more likely at this age to want to play with Ava than with another boy his age.

Question 23

The conventional level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by seeking pleasure and avoiding punishment.

Question 24

Neglected children are ignored.

Question 25

The culture of children generally mirrors adult values and embraces the racial and ethnic exclusions perpetuated by adults.

Question 26

The conventional moral reasoning level in Kohlberg's moral reasoning system is characterized by following what parents, teachers, and peers do.

Question 27

Changing the school culture so that children don't admire the bullies is more effective at ending bullying than teaching better social skills to victims.

Question 28

Family conflict harms children only when adults fight about child rearing.

Question 29

In middle childhood, being accepted by the entire group is more important than having a close friend.

Question 30

During middle childhood, children's moral reasoning is usually at the third level of Kohlberg's theory.

Question 31

Aggressive-rejected children are the most likely to become bully-victims.

Question 32

Peers reject most bullies in middle childhood.

Question 33

Kohlberg based his theory of moral development on the work of Erikson.

Question 34

Throughout childhood, children who are outgoing, friendly, and cooperative are popular among their peers.

Question 35

In middle childhood, children tend to choose friends of the same sex, race, and economic background.

Question 36

A person's reasoning level is the critical element in placing him or her within Kohlberg's stages.

Question 37

Peer norms, personal experience, and empathy drive children's growing interest in moral issues.

Question 38

One of the three common values among 6- to 11-year-old children is to try to communicate to an adult what is happening when a peer does something wrong.

Question 39

Relational bullying includes hitting and shoving other children.

Question 40

Keeping secrets is part of the culture of children.

Question 41

Over the years of middle childhood, children who recognize prejudice and react by affirming _____ in their gender and background are likely to develop healthy self-esteem.

A) resilience
B) industry versus inferiority
C) social comparison
D) pride

Question 42

Research indicates that a child who demonstrates positive adaptation in the face of stressors such as poverty and neglect is showing resilience and _____.

A) will always show resilience no matter how the child's life changes
B) will show resilience only if the child's current experiences remain the same
C) will show resilience only if the child's current experiences get worse
D) may or may not show resilience in the future

Question 43

The child who weathers severe family problems, even abuse, and yet emerges from those experiences unscathed is said to be _____.

A) buoyant
B) resilient
C) parasympathetic
D) reliable

Question 44

Which scenario is typical of the industry versus inferiority stage?

A) Todd is having difficulty in learning math, but he continues to practice.
B) Veronica says, "My parents never let me do anything!"
C) Patrick says that his girlfriend, Claire, doesn't understand him.
D) Theo decides to stop taking piano lessons.

Question 45

More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are _____.

A) more in need of punishment
B) trying to stand out from their peers
C) using electronic media with adult supervision
D) industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture

Question 46

Who described middle childhood as a time of latency?

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Piaget
D) Vygotsky

Question 47

When children assess their abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of their peers, they are engaging in _____.

A) peer evaluation
B) cultural normalization
C) social comparison
D) parental assessment

Question 48

How a serious stressor affects a child depends to a large extent on _____.

A) what the stressor is
B) whether the child has experienced repeated stresses
C) whether the stress is economic
D) whether the stressor affects other siblings too

Question 49

Children's steady growth, brain maturation, and intellectual advances make middle childhood a time for more _____.

A) conservation
B) peer values
C) independence
D) egocentrism

Question 50

According to Erikson, if 9-year-old Jessica is successful in solving her psychosocial conflict, she should be developing a view of herself as _____.

A) emotionally mature
B) industrious
C) inept
D) latent

Question 51

The quality of resilience is dynamic, which means that it _____.

A) is always present in the same way
B) may change over time
C) can be either a positive or negative adaptation
D) reflects successful coping with minor adversities

Question 52

Because schoolchildren judge their own talents and limitations more realistically than preschoolers, _____.

A) they should decide which reading and math groups they wish to join
B) their tendency to overestimate their ability or judgments decreases
C) following a failure, they are less pessimistic about future failure
D) they are less likely to concede that they're not good at something

Question 53

Lydia was the only student in her class to get all the questions right on the math test. She announced to the class, "I am perfect! I am better than everyone!" Given this display, Lydia is most likely from which of the following countries?

A) Australia
B) Japan
C) China
D) the United States

Question 54

Nine-year-old Akashia announces to her mother, "I am smart, nice, and friendly and I am so good at painting that one day I am going to sell lots of pictures." Akashia is referring to her _____.

A) industry
B) egocentrism
C) latency
D) self-concept

Question 55

According to Erikson's theory, children in middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either _____.

A) suppressed or superior
B) industrious or inferior
C) competent or awkward
D) intelligent or stupid

Question 56

What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) trust versus mistrust
D) integrity versus incompetence

Question 57

Sara is in the third grade. She spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. According to Erikson, Sara is developing a healthy sense of _____ through these tasks.

A) industry
B) self-control
C) autonomy
D) egocentrism

Question 58

When children believe that they can change and develop themselves bit by bit, they have formed a(n) _____ idea of intellectual and personal traits.

A) incremental
B) resilient
C) immediate
D) postconventional

Question 59

Children's ideas about their intelligence, personality, abilities, gender, and ethnic background form their _____.

A) industry
B) egocentrism
C) latency
D) self-concept

Question 60

Academic and social competence are aided by realistic self-perception. Unrealistically high self-esteem _____ effortful control, which leads to _____ academic achievement.

A) reduces; lower
B) reduces; higher
C) increases; lower
D) increases; higher

Question 61

Maxwell and Rose are brother and sister who live with their biological parents. They live in a(n) _____.

A) extended family
B) blended family
C) foster family
D) nuclear family

Question 62

Family function refers to _____.

A) how a family cares for its members
B) the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household
C) how the family's house is constructed
D) how the various generations interact

Question 63

An important factor with respect to children coping with adversity is a child's _____.

A) interpretation of the events
B) age
C) gender
D) cooperation with others

Question 64

In middle childhood, the experience of moving to a new neighborhood or community is _____.

A) very exciting, as this is a stage marked by a strong desire for new experiences
B) quite difficult, as this is a stage in which continuity is very important
C) extremely rare; children ages 5 to 9 years old move far less often than older Americans
D) only problematic if the move is the result of divorce

Question 65

To reduce the impact of divorce on children, which of the following should take place?

A) Only one parent should stay in the children's lives for the first few years.
B) Both parents should quickly remarry and move to new communities to allow children to start fresh.
C) Transitions should be minimized.
D) Parents should stay in their marriages regardless of the circumstances, avoiding divorce at all costs.

Question 66

Terrance is asked to list all the people in his family. He is being asked to report his _____.

A) family structure
B) family harmony
C) family function
D) family resilience

Question 67

When both parents live with their children and are mutually committed to them, _____ is likely to form.

A) an extended family
B) a parental alliance
C) parentification
D) a blended family

Question 68

Tony has been married before and has two biological children. He has just married Natalia, who has also been married before and has a biological son. Their family is an example of a _____.

A) polygamous family
B) nuclear family
C) stepparent family
D) traditional family

Question 69

In a typical military family, income is _____ and children tend to have _____ school achievement than their peers from civilian families.

A) lower; lower
B) higher; lower
C) lower; higher
D) higher; higher

Question 70

Compared with nuclear families, extended families typically _____.

A) are more chaotic
B) include grandparents
C) feature less structure
D) are better for children

Question 71

Family structure refers to _____.

A) the way in which a family raises its children
B) the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household
C) how the family's house is constructed
D) how the various generations interact

Question 72

The most common type of family for children in the United States is the _____.

A) extended family
B) single-parent family
C) nuclear family
D) blended family

Question 73

Children acting as parents and trying to take care of everyone is called _____.

A) resilience
B) parentification
C) emerging adulthood
D) an extended family

Question 74

Who is LEAST likely to experience psychological problems during middle childhood?

A) Richard, who is being raised by his single mom
B) Kelvin, who is being raised by his single dad
C) Dimitri, who is being raised by his biological mother and father
D) Gareth, who is being raised by his biological mother and her romantic partner

Question 75

Many parents believe that they mold their children's personalities. However, research has found that _____.

A) half of all personality traits may be genetic
B) half of all personality traits may be environmental
C) genes and the nonshared environment have the most impact on personality
D) temperament defines personality

Question 76

Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the _____.

A) family structures
B) measurements of family harmony
C) functions of a family
D) suggestions for stress resilience

Question 77

Brian is an adopted child who lives with three siblings, all biological children of his adoptive parents. Brian's math skills are far better than those of his adoptive parents or his adoptive siblings. This provides evidence that _____.

A) shared familial influences play a stronger role than was previously believed
B) genes may have a stronger effect than familial environment on talents
C) few environmental effects on personality come from outside the family
D) Brian's own initiative to excel is greater than that of his adoptive family

Question 78

A family that consists of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and women is a(n) _____.

A) blended family
B) adoptive family
C) extended family
D) polygamous family

Question 79

Which family function is especially crucial in middle childhood?

A) harmony and stability
B) physical necessities
C) peer relationships
D) self-respect

Question 80

About _____ of school-age children live in a two-parent family.

A) one-half
B) one-third
C) two-thirds
D) three-quarters